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biology > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

how many strands in dna serve as a template for transcription

A

1 parental strand

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2
Q

describe deoxyribonucleotude

A

double stranded, dna, deoxyribose sugar, ATGC, phosphates

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3
Q

double helix, what does it provide

A

2 linked strands that wind around each other. provides a measure of protection

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4
Q

semi conservative

A

half of the original dna appears in the replicated dna

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5
Q

anti parallel

A

strands run in opposite directions

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6
Q

describe ribonucleotide

A

single stranded, ribose sugars, AUGC, RNA, phosphates

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7
Q

where is mRNA made, what does it do

A

made in the nucleus,
- carries genetic message from DNA in the nucleus
- to ribosome in the cytoplasm for protein synthesis

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8
Q

replication fork

A

Y shaped site where DNA is separated and synthesized

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9
Q

3’ and 5’ ends

A

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction (moves along the template strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction)

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10
Q

template strand

A

parental strand

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11
Q

leading strand

A

built continuously 5’ to 3’

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12
Q

lagging strand

A

synthesized in fragments

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13
Q

helicase

A

unwinds

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14
Q

polymerase

A

adds nucelotides

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15
Q

ligase

A

links fragments

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16
Q

ribosome

A
  • construction site
    translates mrna into polypeptide chains to assemble proteins.
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17
Q

trna

A

transfers amino acids to ribosme to make proteins

18
Q

what is a cells source of supply of amino acids?

A

diet (essential amino acids)

19
Q

codon

A

triplet of nitrogen bases on mrna. codes for amino acids

20
Q

anticodon

A

trna that carries specific amino acid to complimentary base pair with codon

21
Q

what happens to transfer rna after it drops off its amino acod

A

leaves the translation “e” site, recharged to find another amino acid to deliver

22
Q

silent substitution

A

no effect

23
Q

missense substitution

A

change in codon

24
Q

nonsense substitution

A

stop codon

25
Q

addition/deletion

A

frameshift: codons after mutation change

26
Q

what are proteins, what is it made through

A

chains of amino acids that do jobs in our bodies made through translation and protein synthesis

27
Q

Where is translation?

A

in the ribosome

28
Q

initiation (translation)

A

Ribosome binds to the MRNA, entering the a site. tRNA to the start codon

29
Q

elongation (translation)

A
  • ribosome reads mrna codons
  • trna brings amino acids to the ribosome in the P site, exits with the E site
  • ribose forms a polypeptide chain
30
Q

termination (translation)

A

ribosome reaches stop codon, chain released with hydrolysis from the release factor

31
Q

separation (replication)

A

dna helicase unwinds double helix, breaking H bonds.

  • single stranded binding proteins prevent re joining
32
Q

complementary base pairing (replication)

A

dna polymerase adds nucleotides.

  • rna primase begins replication by making primers. once primers are in place polymerase adds nucleotides
33
Q

joining (replication)

A

dna ligase links fragments with phosphodiester bonds

34
Q

site of replication for prokaryotes

A

no nucleus, replication in cytoplasm

35
Q

transcription

A

copying genetic info from DNA to mRNA

36
Q

initiation (transcription)

A

rna polymerase binds in the promoter region (TAA box), exposing template strand and attaches

37
Q

elongation (transcription)

A

mRNA symthesized

38
Q

termination (transcription)

A

rna polymerase and new rna are released, dna is reformed

39
Q

how many genes are transcribed with transcription

A

one

40
Q

rna polymerase

A

enzyme that does transcription

41
Q

______ codons reduce errors

A

diverse

42
Q

rna splicing

A

removes introns (pre rna) and reconnects exons

biology (23 decks)

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