DM summary

Question 1

DM is the ___ to regulate ___ leading to inadequate metabolism of ____

Answer 1

inability
glucose
macronutrients

Question 2

____ is impaired ___ ____ glucose and ____ _____ ____

Answer 2

pre- DM
fasting plasma
impaired glucose tolerance

Question 3

in type __ there is absolute of significant deficient of ____. there is ____ ____ _____ of ___ cells in the _____

Answer 3

1
insulin
cell mediated immunodestruction
beta 
pancreas

Question 4

patients with type 1 will experience h___, ____ and _____

Answer 4

hyperglycemia
hyperketonemia
ketoacidosis

Question 5

3 Ps

Answer 5

polydipsia
polyuria
polyphagia

Question 6

a patient with __ _ will experience the 3Ps; w____, b___ _____, f___, p____ and ___ ____

Answer 6

type 1
weight loss 
blurred vision
fatigue
paresthesias 
skin infections

Question 7

cause of hyperglycemia

Answer 7

• too much food, too little insulin or dm pills

- illness or stress

Question 8

onset of ___ is slow, and may lead to a medical emergency if not treated

Answer 8

hyperglycemia

Question 9

to dx type 1 DM, a ___ and ___ exam is needed; ___ and ____ blood ___ levels; and ___

Answer 9

history and physical
fasting and random
glucose
hbgA1c

Question 10

treatment of type 1

Answer 10

• carb (nutrient) intake
• exercise
• INSULIN REPLACEMENT THERAPY

Question 11

In type __ there is insulin ___ and a ____ in adequate ___ ____

Answer 11

2
resistance
reduction
insulin secretion

Question 12

those with type _ are often ___

Answer 12

2

asymptomatic

Question 13

pt with type _ may present with ___, visual ___, n__, ___, ____, recurrent ___, and _____

Answer 13

2
fatigue
changes 
neuropathy
CAD
PAD
infections 
neuropathy

Question 14

treatment of type 2 involves

___ ___ through ___ and ___ and ___ _____ agents

Answer 14

weight control through diet and exercise

oral glycemic agents

Question 15

goal of type 2

Answer 15

maintain optimal blood glucose levels

Question 16

dm A1C value

Answer 16

6.5 + %

Question 17

pre- dm A1C value

Answer 17

5.7-6.4%

Question 18

normal A1C lab

Answer 18

5%

Question 19

FPG value

DM

Answer 19

126 +

Question 20

FPG value

pre- dm

Answer 20

100-125

Question 21

FPG value

normal

Answer 21

99 or below

Question 22

OGTT value

dm

Answer 22

200+

Question 23

OGTT value

pre-dm

Answer 23

140-199

Question 24

OGTT value

normal

Answer 24

139 or below

Question 25

causes of hypoglycemia

Answer 25

• over-production/ over- administration of insulin
• inadequate food intake
• exercise
• infection
• several anti-hyperglycemia meds for T2DM

Question 26

hypoglycemia lab value

Answer 26

blood glucose between 45-60 mg/dl

Question 27

complications of hypoglycemia

Answer 27

seizures
coma
death

Question 28

clinical presentation of hypoglycemia

Answer 28

pallor
tremor
tachycardia
palpatations
headache
diaphoresis
confusion, poor judgement

Question 29

manifestations of HHS

Answer 29

• blood sugar >600
• low volume secondary to dehydration
• note: insulin still available

Question 30

manifestations of DKA

Answer 30

fruity breath 
kussmals breathing 
tachycardia and hypotension
altered LOC 
N&V, abdominal pain

Question 31

in ___ ___ the bedtime glucose is normal. there is a ____ ____ as result of insulin induced _____

Answer 31

smoggy effect
rebound hyperglycemia
hypoglycemia

Question 32

in ___ ___ hypoglycemia occurs at night, which triggers ___, ____ (only T2DM) ____, and __ __

Answer 32

somogyi effect
catecholamine 
glucagon (only T2DM)
cortisol 
growth hormone

Question 33

patient with an acute complication of __ ___ will have ____ in the morning often leading to the over- administration of ___ ____

Answer 33

somogyi effect
hyperglycemia
evening insulin

Question 34

to treat somogyi effect ___ _____ ____

Answer 34

decrease bedtime insulin

Question 35

patient with ___ ___ will have a bedtime glucose ___ than waking levels

Answer 35

dawn phenomenon

Question 36

___ released in the ___ morning lead to ___ glucose levels in ___

Answer 36

hormones
early
higher
am

Question 37

in ___ ___ glucose levels rise steadily throughout the night. it is NOT triggered by ____

Answer 37

dawn phenomenon

hypoglycemia

Question 38

to treat dawn phenomena, limit ____ ___ and/or increase _____ ____ ___ or _____

Answer 38

evening snacks

pm oral glycemics or insulin

Question 39

chronic MACROvascular complications of dm

Answer 39

CAD
PAD
stroke

Question 40

chronic microvascular complications of DM

Answer 40

diabetic retinopathy

diabetic nephropathy

Question 41

other chronic complications of dm

Answer 41

diabetic neuropathies
slow wound healing
increased infection risk and
reduced response

Question 42

infections in dm are ___ and often ___ ___. infection of ___ and ___ due to ____ and neurological impairement

Answer 42

common
more severe
feet 
legs 
vascular

Question 43

common infections of DM

Answer 43

fungal- candida, vaginal and or oral

UTI
dental caries
cataracts
gingivitis and periodontitis

Question 44

pregnancy and DM

Answer 44

• complications for both mom and fetus
• spontaneous abortions
• infants are larger weight and size; hypoglycemia first hours after birth