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Geography GCSE > Distinctive Landscapes > Flashcards

Distinctive Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the key features of a landscape

A 
Physical
Mountains, valleys etc
Water
Rivers, lakes etc
Living
Vegetation
Transitory (temporary)
Weather, the seasons
Human
Buildings, land use
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Cuillin Hills (Skye)

A 
Mountainous
Rocky
Steep slopes
High mountains
A lot of surface water 
Rivers and ribbon lakes
Moss and lichens and grass
Granite
Little land use
Some hill farming
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of South Downs

A 
Flat, Rolling hills, Gentle incline
Very little surface water, Most is underground
Lots of vegetation, Trees and grass
Chalk
Land used for farming, Transport, Houses
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4
Q

Describe the distribution of glaciated areas in Britain.

A

The glaciated areas are all of Scotland and Wales and the North and Centre of England.

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5
Q

Describe the distribution of unglaciated areas in Britain.

A

The very south of England

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6
Q

Explain the impact of glaciation on the landscape

A

Glaciation caused the Cullin Hills landscape to be very mountainous and steep. It also caused there to be a lot of surface water. There was no ice coverage in the South Downs but there was a permafrost causing the valleys.

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7
Q

Igneous rocks

A

Volcanic rock formed from lava rising up to the surface and then cooling, new rock

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8
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Rock made from small particles of other rocks worn down by weathering

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9
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Rocks which have been combined from high pressure and temperature as tectonic plates move

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10
Q

What do you notice about the age of rocks as you move from north to south?

A

They get younger

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11
Q

What is Granite

A 
Igneous rock
It cools slowly so large crystals
Crystals are made from quartz, feldspars and mica
Very hard that erodes slowly
Used to make kerbstones
Impermeable
The soil is acidic and not very fertile
Often waterlogged
Not good for growing plants
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12
Q

What is Chalk

A

Type of limestone, sedimentary rock
Formed in layers on the seabed
Made of calcium carbonate from shells of creatures that sank to the bottom of the sea
Very soft and crumbly
Easily weathered and permeable
The soil is alkali and quite fertile and well drained
Ideal for growing grass and crops

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13
Q

Describe the changes in woodland area in England since 1066.

A

In 1066 the amount of trees fell until 1300 when the rate decrease fell so less trees were being cut down. Then the rate of decrease increased in 1600 and continued until 1900 when the amount of trees increased.

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14
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

It is caused by changes in temperature which causes water to expand and contract as it turns to ice. This exerts pressure on the rocks

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15
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Rainwater is naturally acidic and so slowly dissolves rocks which are exposed over time, particularly if it is composed of calcium carbonate (e.g.limestone)

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16
Q

Biological weathering

A

Tree roots force their roots into rocks, splitting them apart. Mosses also grow on the surface of rocks causing them to break down. People walking on rock and animals burrowing can cause rock to break down as well

17
Q

What are geomorphic processes?

A 
The ways in which the landscape is shaped
Geomorphic processes include:
Weathering
Erosion
Mass movement
Transportation
Deposition
18
Q

What is weathering?

A

Breakdown of rock in situ

19
Q

What is erosion?

A

It is the process of eroding the landscape by wind, water or other natural agents

20
Q

Hydraulic action

A

It is waves crashing against the coast, forcing air into cracks and breaking up the rock.

21
Q

Solution

A

Certain rocks like limestone slowly dissolve in the water

22
Q

Abrasion

A

Waves pick up rocks from the sea bed and smash them against the coast, wearing it away

23
Q

Attrition

A

Pebbles picked up by the waves, bash into each other, wearing them down into smaller, rounder particles

24
Q

What is mass movement?

A

The downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity

25
Q

What is transportation?

A

It is the processes that carry away eroded material in coastal and river environments

26
Q

Traction

A

Traction causes large stones and boulders to be dragged along the river bed, this requires a lot of energy.

27
Q

Saltation

A

Saltation causes pebbles and small stones to be picked up and dropped further along the the river or coast

28
Q

Suspension

A

Tiny particles of sand and silt are carried in suspension by the flowing water

29
Q

Solution

A

Some rocks dissolve and are carried in solution, invisible to the eye

30
Q

What is deposition?

A

This is when sediment carried by rivers or waves is dropped and begins to build up new land

31
Q

Where is the Jurassic Coast?

Why is it called the Jurassic Coast?

A

It is in the South of England, and is the coast between Dorset and East Devon
It is called that because it is made out of rocks which date to the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous time periods. This means that it has distinctive landscaped across the coast

32
Q

What is Durdle Door
Land forms
Description
Processes

A 
Cliff, Arch, Headland
Limestone
Steep cliffs and a headland extending into the sea with an arch
Mass movement 
Weathering - Cliff and arch
Transportation - moved sediment
Deposition - Beach
Erosion - Headland
33
Q

What is Lulworth Cove

A 
Bay
Circular bay created by the unique order of hard and soft rock. The hard rock is lateral to the coast with the soft rock behind.
Mass movement - Cliff collapse
Erosion - Broke more resistant rock
Deposition - beach
Weathering - weakens cliffs
34
Q

What is Chesil Beach

A

Barrier beach
Flat landscape, with long and straight beach
Deposition - beach
Transportation - longshore drift

35
Q

What is Old Harry Rocks

A 
Cliff, Stack
Chalk, Steep cliffs and isolated tall stacks
Weathering - break down cliff
Erosion - break down cliff
Mass movement - cliff collapse
36
Q

Hard engineering

A

It works against natural processes, such as erosion, to protect the coastline. It tends to be more expensive and structures continually need to be maintained or rebuilt

37
Q

Soft engineering

A

It works with nature to protect the coastline. It tends to be less expensive and easier to maintain because it does not depend on building structures

38
Q

Shoreline management plans

A 
It is a plan decided by the local council about which methods they are going to use to protect their stretch of coastline. 
e.g.
Hold the Line
Retreat the Line
Advance the Line
Do nothing
39
Q

Coastal Protection methods

A 
Rock Armour
Groynes
Sea Wall
Beach Nourishment
Offshore Reef

Geography GCSE (8 decks)

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