DISEASE STATES AND PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards
Study of disease’s effect on the normal body functions.
Pathophysiology
Disease states that are found to be more common in individuals with certain habits, conditions, genetic make-up, or traits.
Risk factors
Two-thirds of all death in the United States are caused by one of five chronic disease states. They are:
Heart disease, Cancer, Stroke, COPD, and Diabetes.
Cardiovascular disease can be broken down into two components, cardio and vascular. What does each mean?
Cardio-Diseases of the heart.
Vascular- Diseases of the blood vessels.
What percentage of deaths does heart disease and stroke account for in the US?
40%
An abnormality of the heart muscle.
Cardiomyopathy
Irregularities in the heart beat.
Arrhythmia
Disease that affects the arteries supplying the heart with oxygenated blood.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Reduced arterial blood flow.
Myocardial Ischemia
Chest pain.
Angina
Death of heart tissue.
Myocardial Infarction
Blockage or rupturing of blood vessels that supply the brain.
Stroke
Approximately __% of strokes are of the Ischemic variety.
80
Approximately __% of strokes are caused by the rupture of blood vessels/brain bleeds.
20
Two major independent risk factors for heart disease and stroke are:
High blood pressure and high cholesterol.
Chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive bronchitis, and emphysema are examples of:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Disease that occurs gradually over an extended period of time causing destruction of the alveoli in the lungs.
Emphysema
More than __% of all emphysema cases can be attributed to smoking.
80
The general name for several conditions that affect the proper use and storage of glucose in the body is:
Diabetes
Chemical messenger secreted by special cells in the pancreas signaled by the body.
Insulin
Two types of diabetes.
Type I and Type II
Occurs when the pancreas produces little or no insulin.
Type I Diabetes
Occurs when the cells responding to insulin messengers are resistant or not enough insulin is produced in the pancreas.
Type II Diabetes
About __% of diabetics are of the Type II persuasion.
90
Diabetes risk factors include:
FHx, Weight, Age, Inactivity, and Race.
The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease.
Pharmacology
Brand of pharmacology dealing with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems.
Toxicology
Chemicals administered to achieve a beneficial therapeutic effect or process within the patient, or for their toxic effect on a parasite within the patient.
Drug
Site in the body that plays some sort of regulatory role in a body process.
Receptor
Manner in which two chemicals adhere to each other, weak or strong.
Bond
Drug that causes a biological process to occur.
Agonist
Drug that blocks naturally occurring body chemicals from causing a biological process to occur.
Antagonist
Required amount of drug to achieve a desired outcome.
Potency
Maximum response possible from a drug.
Maximal Efficacy
In order to be biologically effective, a drug must have which of the following?
a) the right chemical structure and size
b) the correct chemical potency activity
c) the correct chemical bond activity
d) the correct shape
a) the right chemical structure and size
c) the correct chemical bond activity
d) the correct shape
The difference between the types of bonds concerns how long they (stay/leave) ____ (bound/broken) _____ (together/broken) ________ and how much (attraction/resistance) __________ there is between the drug and receptor.
stay bound together
attraction
Strongest receptor bond available where effects last long and are present in the blood stream.
Covalent bonding
Covalent bonding is relatively _____ in the world of drugs.
rare
Bonds consisting of very weak or fairly strong attractions.
Electrostatic bonding
The difference in (light/dark) _____ (reflection/removal)__________ indicates the molecules orientation.
light reflection
Drug which can twist to give off light with a left handed spin are designated as:
levo-rotatory (l-)
Drugs which can twist to give off light with a right handed spin are designated as:
dextro-rotatory (d-)
The more drug present at the receptor, the better the resulting blockade will be. This type of antagonist is a (competitive/competition) _______ antagonist.
competitive
True or False
The lower the dose required, the lower the relative potency of the drug.
False
The higher the relative potency of the drug.
The point at which no matter how much more of a drug we administer, there is no increase in effect is referred to as the drug’s:
Maximal Dose
Which of the following would you expect to have the greatest effects in the body?
a) d-alpha tocopherol
b) d-l-alpha tocopherol
c) l-alpha tocopherol
d) all of the above would have the same activity
c) l-alpha tocopherol
Which of the following would be required for a drug to have biological activity?
a) the right structure
b) the right chemical bond structure
c) the right shape
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
If you want a drug to have a short duration of action, which of the following would be an appropriate characteristic for the drug to have?
a) a competitive reversibility
b) a non-competitive reversibility
c) antagonism
d) agonism
a) a competitive reversibility
The term “maximal efficacy” refers to:
a) how quickly a drug is absorbed
b) the drug’s relative competitiveness
c) the maximum effect that is available from the drug
d) a drug’s relative potency
c) the maximum effect that is available from the drug
Drugs can be grouped by:
a) their mechanism of action
b) where they have their effect
c) their chemical structure
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
