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PMP 103 - Clinical Pharmacy > Disease Prevention - Intervention > Flashcards

Disease Prevention - Intervention Flashcards

1
Q

Define disease prevention …

A

Disease prevention involves actions to reduce or eliminate exposure to risks that might increase the chances that an individual or group will incur disease, disability, or premature death

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2
Q

What are the three main roles of a community pharmacist ?

A
  • opportunistic conversations (counselling/ advice with signposting, MECC -MAKE EVERY CONTACT COUNT)
  • public health campaigns (provision leaflets/resources)
  • service provision (delivery advanced services e.g. stop smoking)
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3
Q

What does health promotion involve ?

A

Health promotion involves the development of behaviours that improve bodily functioning and enhance an individual’s ability to adapt to a changing environment

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4
Q

What risk factors for disease and disability are amenable to change ?

A

Personal habits

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5
Q

What risk factors for disease and disability aren’t amenable to change ?

A

Genetic endowment and family history

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6
Q

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), what percentage of chronic diseases are preventable ?

A

80%

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7
Q

What are the main contributors to chronic disease ?

A
  • an unhealthy diet
  • physical inactivity
  • tobacco use, alcohol consumption etc.
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8
Q

How can you practice healthy living habits ?

A
  • Eat a healthy diet
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Be active on most days
  • Don’t smoke or use tobacco
  • Limit alcohol use
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9
Q

How can obesity harm health ?

A

Can cause; cancer, heart disease, stroke, liver disease, reproductive complications, type 2 diabetes, sleep apnoea, depressions ad anxiety, asthma, osteoarthritis back pain

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10
Q

Are obese people at increased risk of cancer ?

A

Obese people have an increased risk of certain cancers, including being three times more likely to develop colon cancer.

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11
Q

Where are alcohol related deaths higher ?

A

In the more deprived areas of the country.

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12
Q

What did the Welsh Health surgery in 2015 find out ?

A
  • 40 per cent of adults reported drinking above the previous recommended daily guidelines
  • Including around a quarter (24 per cent) who reported binge drinking.
  • People, however, do not necessarily drink at these levels regularly.
  • Around 15% of adults reported that they were non drinkers.
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13
Q

What does alcohol increase the risks of an individual developing ?

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • cancer
  • liver disease
  • emotional and relationship problems

( immediate risks of heavy drinking include alcohol poisoning and harm from accidents, violence and self harm)

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14
Q

What is the recommended volume of alcohol that shouldn’t be exceeded in a week ?

A

Adults should not drink regularly more than 14 units of alcohol a week

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15
Q

How does smoking harm the heart ?

A

Doubles the risk of an individual having a heart attack

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16
Q

How does smoking harm the lungs ?

A

Causes 84% of deaths from lung cancer and 83% of deaths from COPD

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17
Q

How does smoking effect circulation ?

A

Increases blood pressure and heart rate

18
Q

How does smoking have an effect of fertility in men ?

A

It can cause impotence in men

19
Q

How does smoking harm the bones ?

A

Can cause bones to become weak and brittle and increases the risk of osteoporosis in women

20
Q

How does smoking harm the Brian ?

A

Increases the risk of having a stroke by at least 50%

21
Q

How does smoking harm the mouth and throat ?

A

Increases the risk of cancer in lips, tongue, throat, voice box and gullet (oesophagus)

22
Q

How does smoking harm the stomach ?

A

Increases chance of getting stomach cancer or ulcers

23
Q

How does smoking effect fertility in women ?

A

Can make it harder for a woman to conceive

24
Q

How does smoking harm the skin ?

A

Prematurely ages the skin by between 10-20 years

25
Q

What is the point of the Antimicrobial stewardship campaign 2021 ?

A
  • Aims to support community pharmacists and patients in joining the fight against antibiotic resistance
  • CPs are ideally placed to advise patients on the importance of only taking antibiotics when their prescriber advises and that antibiotics don’t work for colds and other viral infections
26
Q

Why are antibiotic checklists created and used in community pharmacy ?

A

An antibiotic checklist can be used to ensure the antibiotic is appropriate and prescribed safely and to ensure that patients are aware of key messages around antibiotics

27
Q

What is MECC (making every contact count) ?

A

Making Every Contact Count (MECC) is an approach to behaviour change that uses the millions of day-to-day interactions that organisations and people have with other people to support them in making positive changes to their physical and mental health and wellbeing.

28
Q

What is the simple 3 As approach that can be used when undertaking a brief health chat ?

A

1) ASK - individuals about their lifestyle and changes they may wish to make, when there is an appropriate opportunity to do so.
2) ADVISE - appropriately on the lifestyle issue/s once raised.
3) ACT - by offering information, signposting or referring individuals to the support they need.

29
Q

How can you apply the 3 As to a vaccine example ?

A

ASK
“Are you / your child up to date with your immunisations?“

ADVISE
Keeping up to date with your immunisations is a quick, safe way of protecting you, your family and your friends from serious diseases
Immunisations are available to protect against a wide variety of serious illnesses in children and adults including measles, flu, whooping cough, cervical cancer and meningitis.

ACT
Signpost the client to the:
GP Surgery to find out if up to date and/or to arrange any immunisations. NHS flu vaccination is available from many community pharmacies too
NHS Direct Wales website for information on what immunisations are needed and when:www.nhsdirect.wales.nhs.uk/DoItYourself/vaccinations

30
Q

Why is the stop smoking service important ?

A

Smoking is a leading cause of preventable death in the UK.

Estimated that smoking is responsible for >5000 deaths each year in people aged 35 and over inWales
nearly 1 in 5 of all deaths in this age group.

Incredibly, one in every two smokers die from smoking related diseases

Passive smokingcan lead to a range of diseases, many of which are fatal, withchildren especially vulnerable

Smoking costs the Welsh NHS around £302 million per year.

31
Q

What opportunities may arise fro a pharmacist to apply the 3 As to a smoker ?

A
  • Many smokers per day pass through a pharmacy and staff are ideally placed to opportunistically provide brief interventions on stopping smoking and increase access to stop smoking products.
  • This may be picked up, for example, when nicotine-stained fingers are observed, the purchase of a smokers toothpaste or repeated requests for cough remedies.
32
Q

What are some motivating fact for opportunistic contacts with smokers ?

A
  • Quitting is the most important thing you can do to benefit your health.
  • The benefits of quitting start straight away. It’s never too late to stop.
  • Within 3 days your taste and smell will start to improve, breathing will become easier and energy levels increase. After 1 year the risk of you having a heart attack will fall to half that of a smoker.
  • Stopping smoking saves money. Stopping smoking 20 cigarettes a day will save you over £2,000 a year.
  • Protecting loved ones:
    People who breathe second-hand smoke are at risk of the same diseases as smokers, including cancer and heart disease.
    Children exposed to second-hand smoke have a higher risk of bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma attacks and ear infections.
  • There is plenty of support available to stop smoking. You are four times more likely to stop smoking using an NHS Stop Smoking Service than if you try to quit alone.
33
Q

What are some benefits of vaccinations ?

A
  • The World Health Organisation estimates that 3 million lives are saved every year worldwide through immunisation
  • However, globally there is a huge amount still to do -400,000 children still die every year from measles alone, when a safe effective vaccine has been available for over 30 years.
  • It is important that all children and babies are immunised
  • The risks of vaccination are very small compared to the risks of getting the diseases themselves
34
Q

What can cause vaccine hesitancy and lower vaccination rates ?

A

Misinformation

35
Q

Who gets the influenza vaccines free of charge ?

A

Patients which fall within the “at risk” groups

36
Q

Where can you find information of the influenza “at risk” groups ?

A

In the Vaccine green book

37
Q

What groups are classed as “at risk” in relation to influenza ?

A

-65 years or over,
-chronic respiratory disease (including COPD and asthma),
-significant cardiovascular disease (not hypertension),
-immunocompromised,
-diabetes mellitus,
-chronic neurological, renal or liver disease.
-Pregnancy
-Morbid obesity

38
Q

What is the STTT (Sore Throat Test and Treat service) step by step approach ?

A

(Enhanced service for community pharmacists to manage acute sore throats)
- Include use of clinical scoring tools to assess severity (FeverPAIN and Centor scoring)
- Patient’s scoring high, will be offered a throat swab to check for the presence of bacteria
- If the throat swab is positive the patient will be offered a course of antibiotics by the pharmacist
- If negative, they will be given self-care advice and advised to seek medical attention if they get any worse

39
Q

What is the aim of the STTT service ?

A
  • Safely reduce antibiotic prescribing for acute sore throats
    (Distinguish between viral or bacterial sore throats)
  • Moving care of these patients to community pharmacy, removes pressure from GP practices
    (Allows GPs to spend more time on assessing more diagnostically difficult patients
    Assessment and explanation around why antibiotics are not needed will often take more time than issuing an antibiotic prescription)
  • Reducing antibiotic prescribing is important to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance, which is a major threat to health-care.
40
Q

What are the different types if health screening you can conduct ?

A
  • cholesterol
  • blood pressure
  • diabetes screening
  • waist circumference

PMP 103 - Clinical Pharmacy (24 decks)

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