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Urinary > Disease of the kidneys & urinary tract > Flashcards

Disease of the kidneys & urinary tract Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are present in the upper urinary tract?

A

Kidneys

Ureters

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2
Q

What are the 3 constrictions of the ureter?

A

Pelviureteric junction
Brim of the pelvis
Vesicoureteric junction

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3
Q

What structures are found in the lower urinary tract?

A

Bladder

Urethra

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4
Q

What sphincter contracts under sympathetic innervation during ejaculation? What does this prevent?

A

Internal urethral sphincter

Retrograde ejaculation

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5
Q

What is another name of the urethral opening?

A

External urethral meatus

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6
Q

When there is tightening of the foreskin on a penis, what condition can occur?

A

Phimosis

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7
Q

When the foreskin of a penis is retracted and gets stuck, what is this condition called?

A

Para-phimosis

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8
Q

What is the definition of proteinuria?

A

Urinary protein excretion >150mg/day

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9
Q

How many types of haemturia are there?

A

3
Macroscopic
Microscopic (microscopic or dipstick positive)

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10
Q

What is the definition of microscopic haemturia?

A

> 3 RBCs/ high power field

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11
Q

What is the deinfition of oligouria?

A

Urine output <0.5ml/kg/hr

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12
Q

What is the definition of anuria?

A

No urine production

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13
Q

What is the definition of polyuria?

A

> 3L/day

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14
Q

What is the definition of nocturia?

A

Waking up at night >1 to micturate

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15
Q

What is the definition of nocturnal polyuria?

A

Nocturnal urine output >1/3 of total urine output in 24hrs

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16
Q

What are the 6 different functions of the kidneys?

A 
Body volume (ECF) 
Endocrine function 
Electrolyte balance
Acid/Base balance 
Excretion of waste products 
Regulation of vascular tone
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17
Q

What is the mnemonic used to define AKI staging

A 
R  - risk
I - injury
F - failure
L - loss
E - endstage kidney disease
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18
Q

What are some of presenting symptoms of CKD?

A

Anaemia
Oedema
Hypetension
Tiredness

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19
Q

What type of cancer is common in the ureters & bladder?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

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20
Q

What are the different types of obstruction?

A

Intra-luminal
Intra-mural
Extra-luminal

21
Q

What are some of the presenting signs of ureteric disease?

A 
Pain 
Pyrexia
Haemturia
Palpable mass
Renal failure
22
Q

What are some storage lower urinary tract symptoms?

A

Frequency
Nocturia
Urgency
Urge incontinence

23
Q

What are some voiding lower urinary tract symptoms?

A

Poor flow
Intermittency
Terminal dribbling

24
Q

What types of incontinence can occur?

A 
Urge 
Stress
Mixed 
Overflow 
Neurogenic
25
Q

What is pneumaturia? What is it a sign of?

A

Bubbles in urine

Fistula present

26
Q

What is the risk of bladder cancer in patient with frank haemturia?

A

25-30%

27
Q

What is the risk of renal cancer in patient with frank haematuria?

A

0.5-1%

28
Q

The micturition cycle is composed of what 2 phases?

A

Storage (or filling) phase

Voiding phase

29
Q

Where is the micturition centre in the brain found?

A

Pons

30
Q

What is the most common cause go bladder outflow obstruction?

A

Benign prostatic enlargment

31
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of acute urinary retention?

A

Painful
Inability to void urine
Percussable bladder

32
Q

What can cause acute urinary retention?

A 
Benign prostatic obstruction 
UTI
urethral stricture
Alcohol excess
post-operative event
33
Q

What is the immediate treatment for acute urinary retention?

A

Catheterisation

34
Q

What is the residual volume usually found in cases of acute urinary retention?

A

500-1000mls

35
Q

What is the definition of chronic urinary retention?

A

Painless, palpable & permissible badder after voiding

36
Q

What is the residual volumes associated with chronic urinary retention?

A

400 up to 2L

37
Q

What are some of the causes of chronic urinary retention?

A

Detrusor muscle under activity (primary or secondary to BOO)

38
Q

What are the 2 types of chronic urinary retention? Which is more urgent?

A 
High pressure (emergency)
Low pressure
39
Q

What is the immediate treatment for chronic urinary retention?

A

Catheterisation

40
Q

What are the 2 types of catheter?

A

Urethral

Suprapubic

41
Q

What can occur following chronic urinary retention treatment?

A

Pathological diuresis (>200ml/hr)

42
Q

What is required in order to diagnose UTI?

A

Microbiological culture from MSSU

Symptoms (at least 1)

43
Q

What are some symptoms associated with UTI?

A

Dysuria
Urinary frequency & urgency
Fever
Flank pain

44
Q

What are the 2 types of UTIs?

A

Complicated

Uncomplicated

45
Q

What is classed as uncomplicated UTI?

A

Young sexually active female

46
Q

What is classed as complicated UTI?

A

Older women
Men
Children

47
Q

What types of organism cause UTIs?

A 
E.coli
Staph, saprophyticus
Klebsiella
Proteus
Pseudomonas
Staph aureus
48
Q

What treatment would you use for UTI?

A

ABIs

Urinary (17 decks)

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