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Biology > Disease C7 > Flashcards

Disease C7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing organisms

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2
Q

Hosts

A

Organism infected by a pathogen

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3
Q

Disease

A

Any condition that interferes with how an organism or any part of in functions

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4
Q

Examples of cellular pathogens

A

Parasites, protozoa, fungi, prokaryotes

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5
Q

Examples of acellular pathogens

A

Viruses and prions

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6
Q

Genetic diseases

A

Due to mutations inherited from parents (cystic fibrosis)

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7
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A

Immune system attacks own body - can’t detect the difference between self and non self (Arthritis)

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8
Q

Susceptibility

A

Level of response by an organism to a pathogen

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9
Q

Resistance

A

Extent to which an organism is not affected by an agent

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10
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Disease causing capacity of a pathogen

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11
Q

Virulence

A

The intensity of pathogen’s effect

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12
Q

3 Phases of disease

A
  1. Infection (pathogen entry)
  2. Incubation (person is asymptomatic but infectious)
  3. Symptoms evident (usually from immune response)
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13
Q

Methods of transmission

A

Inhaled droplets (flu)
Direct contact (Herpes)
Bodily fluids (HIV)
Animal vectors (Rabies)
Blood Contact (Hep B)
Ingested (Salmonella)
Also via fomite transmission (on objects like door handles)

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14
Q

Virus structure, example and reproduction method

A

Genetic material, protein coat ( and sometimes lipid envelope)
Sars CoV 2
Lytic cycle (invade, take over host cell machinery, burst or bud out)

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15
Q

What is the R0 number?

A

Basic reproduction no. in epidemiology - how many people could one person infect?

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16
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Target specific metabolic pathways in bacteria - can’t on viruses, as not made of the same things (cell membrane vs lipid or protein coat)

17
Q

Why should antibiotics be dispensed with care?

A

Bacteria can evolve to be resistant to the antibiotic, meaning that, if spread, the antibiotic may not work at all against the new strain

18
Q

Fungi structure, example and reproduction

A

Cell wall (eukaryotic), ringworm, can be sexual or asexual

19
Q

Parasite structure, example and reproduction

A

can be prokaryotes (worms, ticks etc - ecto and endo parasites) or eukaryotes (protists) and can have flagella, can reproduce sexually or asexually

20
Q

Bacteria structure, example and reproduction

A

prokaryotic cell, staph, aesexual

21
Q

Prion structure, example and reproduction

A

Just a misfolded PrP protein, Mad Cow Disease and touch normal PrP and cause them to change shape

22
Q

Define immune

A

Have antibodies

23
Q

Define herd immunity

A

Most of population vaccinated so disease is less transmissible to those who are not vaccinated

24
Q

Define natural passive immunity

A

Breastmilk - no antibodies made

25
Q

Define natural active immunity

A

Normal infection and immune response

26
Q

Define artificial passive immunity

A

Antivenom for snake bite - artificial and no antibodies made

27
Q

Define artificial active immunity

A

Vaccination

28
Q

List 1st line mechanical barriers

A

Skin, ciliated membranes, non - pathogenic bacteria, earwax

29
Q

List 1st line chemical barriers

A

Mucus, saliva, sweat, lysosomes, acidic pH, stomach acid

30
Q

What is the 1st line of defence?

A

Non - specific, non - adaptive, works from day 1

31
Q

List 2nd line of defence cells and function

A

Phagocytes (Macrophages, APC cells, Neutrophils)
Granulocytes (Mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, NK cells)

32
Q

How does immune system know self from non self?

A

MHC

33
Q

Name 2nd line processes and function

A

Fever: increase rate of mitosis of self cells, push pathogens out of optimum range, make antibodies and cytokines faster, cellular respiration faster
Too high can denature self enzymes
Inflammation: Mast cells (on direct antigen contact) release histamine, makes BV more permeable and Vasodilation = hot, sore, swollen
Blood clotting via platelets: platelets activated, fibrin made, sticks blood cells to the clot, making it bigger
The complement - more detail in other cards

34
Q

What is the complement and how does it work?

A

Activated by antibodies, 20 proteins, normally inactive, can do MAC, opsonization and neutralization

35
Q

What cells are in the 3rd line?

A

B Cells (plasma, memory) and T cells (helper, killer, repressor, memory)

36
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

Done by T cells, cells are directly combating pathogen

37
Q

What is humoral mediated immunity?

A

B cells, create antibodies that bind to pathogen, indirect combat

38
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

T cell is clonally selected when APC cell shows it the antigen it is specific for
(clones itself into 4 types of T cell)

39
Q

4 Antibody functions

A

Opsonisation, Neutralisation, Agglutination, Activating the complement

Biology (22 decks)

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