Cellular Respiration - C5 Flashcards
What is cellular respiration?
How cells obtain energy - controlled release of energy from organic compounds on cells to form ATP
What is Glycolysis?
Sugar breakdown
Which stage of cellular respiration is glycolysis?
1
Is oxygen required for Glycolysis?
No
Where does glycolysis happen?
In the cytoplasm (cytosol)
Outline the reaction of Glycolysis?
6 Carbons become 2 pyruvate (two chains of three carbons)
How many ATP are used in Glycolysis?
2
How many hydrogen atoms are removed from glucose by NAD+?
2 - forming 2NADH
How many ATP are made in Glycolysis?
4
What is the net ATP yield of Glycolysis?
2
How does ATP release energy?
The three phosphate repel each other, but when the bond between the last one is broken, energy is released
What are the three fates of pyruvate?
Fermentation, Lactic acid (humans), Alcohol (plants)
Outline some differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic in presence of oxygen, has the Krebs cycle, 36 more ATP made
Anaerobic without oxygen, no more ATP made, recycles NADH into NAD+ to use in aerobic respiration
What is the purpose of anaerobic respiration?
More NAD+ is needed to keep glycolysis going, so this process ‘frees up’ more NAD+ = alcohol (plants) lactic acid (humans)
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
Across the membrane of the mitochondria?
Does aerobic respiration require oxygen?
Yes
What does the Krebs Cycle do? (Generally)
Transforms 2 pyruvate into 2 ATPs per molecule of glucose and makes some energy
What is the first step of the Krebs cycle?
Pyruvate is oxidized - one pyruvate from each set of 3 bonds with two oxygen and leaves as Co2, making two chains of Acetal CoA
Then another NAD+ picks up a Hydrogen and becomes another NADH
What is made before the second stage of the Krebs Cycle?
Citric acid
How does the second stage of the Krebs Cycle work? (Citric acid)
Citric Acid is oxidized with various intricate steps to get back to oxaloacetic acid = makes the Krebs cycle a cycle
What are some byproducts of Citric acid oxidation and how are they removed?
Main byproduct is Co2, exhaled by the cell, then by organism
How many NADH does each pyruvate make
3
How many NADH can each glucose molecule make?
6
What is the main purpose of the Krebs Cycle? (Battery)
To make NADH (like a battery for final step)
How many ATP can the Electron Transport Chain make?
34 (at best)
Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?
In the cristae (folded inner mitochondria membrane)
How does the Electron Transport Chain work? (Synthase)
NADH and FADH (similar to NADH) are used in a series of redox reactions to derive ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane
What are byproducts of Electron Transport Chain?
H2O and Heat
How much ATP can 10NADH make?
30
How much ATP can 2FADH2 make?
4
What are 3 examples of ATP uses?
DNA synthesis
Active Transport
Muscle contraction
