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Science (Biology) > Disease & Body Defences > Flashcards

Disease & Body Defences Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 main groups classified as microbes?

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses

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2
Q

How do you spread, prevent and treat chlamydia?

A

Sexual intercourse
Condoms
Anti-biotics

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3
Q

How do you spread, prevent, and treat salmonella?

A

Poor hygiene
Cook food thoroughly, wash hands
Anti-biotics

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4
Q

How do you spread, prevent, and treat tuberculosis?

A

Tiny droplets in air from coughs and sneezes
Cover mouth when coughing, BCG vaccination
Anti-biotics for 6-7 months

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5
Q

What type of disease is chlamydia?

A

Bacteria

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6
Q

What type of disease is salmonella?

A

Bacteria

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7
Q

What type of disease is tuberculosis?

A

Bacteria

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8
Q

How do you spread, prevent, and treat HIV?

A

Sharing needles, unprotected sex, infected blood
Use condoms, don’t share needles
No cure, but there are drugs to prolong life

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9
Q

How do you spread, prevent, and treat cold/flu?

A

Coughing, sneezing, and is airborne
Cover mouth, flu jab
Paracetamol, rest, stay hydrated

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10
Q

How do you spread, prevent, and treat HPV?

A

Unprotected sex
Condom
Vaccination

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11
Q

What type of disease is HIV?

A

Virus

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12
Q

What type of disease is cold/flu?

A

Virus

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13
Q

What type of disease is HPV?

A

Virus

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14
Q

How do you spread, prevent, ad treat athlete’s foot?

A

Contaminated towels
Wash and dry feet regularly
Anti-fungal spray

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15
Q

How do you spread, prevent, and treat potato blight?

A

Spreads rapidly in foliage in wet, warm weather
Prune plants crop rotation, good drainage
Spraying plants with fungicide

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16
Q

What type of disease is athlete’s foot?

A

Fungi

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17
Q

What type of disease is potato blight?

A

Fungi

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18
Q

What 3 barriers does or body have to protect us from disease?

A

Skin, mucous membrane, blood clotting

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19
Q

What does the skin do to protect us from disease?

A

Acts as a protective, waterproof barrier to prevent microbes entering

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20
Q

What do mucous membrane do to protect us from disease?

A

These lie in our respiratory tract; the microbes get trapped in the mucus

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21
Q

What does blood clotting do to protect us from disease?

A

If we cut ourselves, the blood will clot, and form a scab

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22
Q

What protects us when the microbes get past the 3 barriers?

A

White blood cells

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23
Q

What are the 3 different organisms that can cause disease in the body?

A

Bacteria
Virus
Yeast

24
Q

What are lymphocytes, and what do they do?

A

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell; it produces chemicals called antibodies to help fight disease.

25
Q

What are antibodies and what do they do?

A

Antibodies are produced in response to proteins on the surface of the organism causing the disease. These proteins are called antigens

26
Q

How many types of antigens can antibodies fight?

A

Each antibody is specific - it can only fight one type of antigen, therefore you make a different antibody for each disease you encounter

27
Q

What is the antibody - antigen reaction?

A

This causes clumping of the microbe and reduces the spread of disease and the symptoms of the disease

28
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

They engulf the clumped microbes and digest them

29
Q

What is the summary of what happens when microbes enter the blood?

A
  1. Microbes enter the blood
  2. The lymphocytes (WBC’s)make antibodies
  3. The antibodies attach to the microbes antigens, the antibodies are a complementary shape to the antigens
  4. This causes the microbes to clump together
  5. Phagocytes (WBC’s) engulf and digest the clumped microbes in a process called phagocytosis
  6. Memory cells will remember the antigen, and when it attacks again, it will produce a rapid body response.
30
Q

What are antigens?

A

Antigens are chemicals on the surface of microorganisms that trigger the production of antibodies

31
Q

What is active immunity?

A

When the body makes its own antibodies

32
Q

What are the 2 ways we can achieve active immunity?

A

Getting the disease naturally

Being vaccinated

33
Q

What is the role of memory lymphocytes?

A

They remember what the correct antibody to make against a particular antigen.

34
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

When the body is given antibodies

35
Q

What is natural passive immunity?

A

This occurs in the placenta before birth or in breast milk, when the mother gives ready made antibodies to her baby

36
Q

What is artificial passive immunity?

A

This is when we are given antibodies in the form of injections

37
Q

What would you notice on a graph to show active immunity as a result of having a disease?

A

Antibody levels rise slowly/delay in immunity due to body producing antibodies
Level remains high for a long time as body retains memory of antigen through memory lymphocytes

38
Q

What old you notice in a graph show passive immunity by the injections of ready - made antibodies?

A

The antibodies act very quickly, but are short - lasting

39
Q

What is better; active immunity or passive immunity, and why?

A

Active, as the has learnt to make the right antibody for that disease, and will ember for rest of life

40
Q

Why are superbugs a particular risks in hospitals?

A

They are often highly contagious, and with a lot of ill people with weakened immune systems in a tight space, it can kill them off

41
Q

What procedures have been put in place to rule the risks of these ‘superbugs’?

A

Vaccines

42
Q

Why are superbugs difficult to eradicate?

A

They are often brand new, which means there is nothing to treat it, or it keeps mutating to the medication used to treat it

43
Q

What type of organism produces penicillin?

A

Fungi

44
Q

Summarise how Flemming discovered penicillin

A

Mould contaminated his bacterial plates and he saw that the mould produced a chemical that killed bacteria

45
Q

How did Florey and Chain help to gain acceptance for penicillin?

A

They produced penicillin and gave it to a policeman who had a bacteria infection, and the bacteria were killed

46
Q

What are the stages of drug development?

A

In - vitro testing
Animal testing
Clinical trials
Listened for use by government

47
Q

What is in - vitro testing?

A

Testing a very early version of the drug on living cells in the lab. It is expensive as equipment and scientists are needed

48
Q

What is animal testing?

A

Testing the drug on a whole animal, usually mammals, (mice) as they are similar to us. Some people have moral issues with this , as the argue the animals don’t get a say

49
Q

What is clinical testing?

A

When the drug is tested on human volunteers to see if it works on humans, to see if there are any side - effects, and to check the dosage that should be used

50
Q

What is meant by listened by the government?

A

If the drug works, and there are no serious side - effects, it will be listened by the government

51
Q

What is meant by the term species differences?

A

As humans are different to the animals the drugs are tested on, there is no guarantee that a drug will work on humans until it is actually tested on them

52
Q

Why do teenagers drink so much?

A

Peer pressure
Experimentation
Trying to escape from problems

53
Q

What are the risks of binge drinking?

A

Can damage the liver
Can affect the development of the foetus during pregnancy
Can give foetus brain damage

54
Q

State some strategies to reduce alcohol intake

A

Drink less each time
Drink on fewer occasions
Educate yourself
Do not drink until age limit is reached

55
Q

State the harmful effect of tar

A

Causes bronchitis,
emphysema (damage to the gas exchange surfaces in lungs),
lung cancer

56
Q

State the harmful effects of nicotine

A

Addictive and effects heart rate

57
Q

State the harmful effect of carbon monoxide

A

Combines with red blood cells to reduce the oxygen - carrying capacity of the blood

Science (Biology) (7 decks)

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