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Science (Biology) > Chromosones And Genes > Flashcards

Chromosones And Genes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire genetic material of an organism

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2
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Genetic structures that occur in functional pairs in the nucleus of cells

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3
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

DNA

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4
Q

What is a gene?

A

A short section of DNA

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5
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Many genes

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6
Q

What is the core component of genes and chromosomes?

A

DNA

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7
Q

What are genes?

A

Sections of chromosomes made up of short lengths of DNA that operate as functional units to control characteristics

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8
Q

What does xx represent?

A

A female

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9
Q

What does xy represent?

A

A male

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10
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a normal human body?

A

23

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11
Q

A always pairs with…

A

T

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12
Q

G always pairs with…

A

C

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13
Q

What does RR represent?

A

Homozygous dominant

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14
Q

What does Rr represent?

A

Heterozygous

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15
Q

What does rr represent?

A

Homozygous recessive

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16
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an organism

17
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The physical appearance of an organism

18
Q

How does cancer/tumour start?

A

Cancer cells are produced by uncontrolled cell division, this results in a tumour

19
Q

How can living things vary?

A

All living things vary. Some variation in living things can be due to a mutation.

20
Q

At is mutation?

A

A random change in the number or structure of chromosomes or genes

21
Q

What environmental factor can trigger mutation?

A

UV light

22
Q

Name a chromosome mutation

A

Down syndrome

23
Q

Name a gene mutation

A

Cystic fibrosis

24
Q

What are the benefits of amniocentesis?

A

People can find out what diseases they are seceptible to

More accurate than blood tests

25
Q

What is the risk of amniocentesis?

A

Can cause miscarriage

26
Q

What is the dilemma for carriers of genetic conditions following diagnosis of abnormalities?

A

They might want to have a baby

27
Q

What is genetic screening?

A

It reduces the incidence of diseases caused by problems with our chromosomes or genes. It involves testing people for the presence of a particular gene.

28
Q

Why would people want to be genetically screened?

A

Pregnant mothers and their partners may want to find out if their unborn baby will have a genetic disease, if it does, they then face the major dilemma of aborting the pregnancy.

29
Q

What are the ethical issues FOR termination of a pregnancy?

A 
If the child was going to have a poor quality of life 
If the mother is very young
Risk of mother dying
Fears over mental health of parents 
Mother was raped
30
Q

What are the ethical issues AGAINST termination of a pregnancy?

A

It’s taking a life
Religious reasons
Morally wrong
Unborn baby doesn’t have a say

31
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

This is a process which modifies the genome of an organism. It involves taking a piece of DNA, usually from a gene, from one organism ad adding it to the genetic material of another organism, e.g. the genetic engineering of insulin

32
Q

Describe the steps of engineering insulin

A
  1. The human gene is incorporated into the DNA from bacteria
  2. Bacterial DNA is used because it is easily manipulated and bacteria reproduce rapidly, therefore, large numbers of bacteria with the insulin gene will be produced quickly.
  3. The insulin is then purified and extracted for use in humans
33
Q

What is the advantage of genetic engineering?

A

We are able to produce large quantities of human insulin and other products

34
Q

What are the disadvantages of genetic engineering?

A

Unforeseen and unexpected outcomes
Many people have moral issues about altering an organism’s DNA and adding it to another organism
Some of the genes being transferred could spread to the wild

Science (Biology) (7 decks)

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