Coordinaton & Control

Question 1

What are the nervous and hormonal system both involved in?

Answer 1

Carrying messages around the body

Bringing about a response

Question 2

What type of systems are the hormonal and nervous system?

Answer 2

Communication systems

Question 3

What is the definition of a receptor?

Answer 3

Part of an organism which receives stimuli, e.g. eyes receives light

Question 4

What is the definition of a coordinator?

Answer 4

Information is passed to the brain and spinal chord, they coordinate a response

Question 5

What is the definition of an effector?

Answer 5

Part of an organism which carries out an action, usually a muscle or gland

Question 6

What are the 2 types of actions when we respond to a stimulus?

Answer 6

Voluntary action

Reflex action

Question 7

Why are voluntary actions slower than reflex actions?

Answer 7

We have conscious control over them

Question 8

Why is a reflex actions quicker than a voluntary action?

Answer 8

It does not involve the brain and we have no control over it

Question 9

What is the route of the reflex arc?

Answer 9

Stimulus (heat)⬇️
Pain receptor stimulated ⬇️
Signal sent along sensory neuron ⬇️
Signal passed along relay nuron (message sent to brain) ⬇️
Signal sent along motor neuron ⬇️
Effector muscle contracts (response) and moves hand away from heat ⬇️

Question 10

What is phototropism?

Answer 10

Phototropism is a growth response to light; it occurs in the stems and is due to a differential growth of cells caused by uneven distribution of the hormone auxin (IAA)

Question 11

Provide a summary of auxin

Answer 11

Auxin is a plant hormone. It is produced at the tip of the shoot
Auxin travels down the shoot
Light causes auxin to move to the shaded side of the stem
Auxin causes the cells on the shaded side to elongate
This results in the bending of the shoot towards the light (positive phototropism)

Question 12

What does the hormonal system rely on?

Answer 12

Depends on chemicals called hormones to transmit messages. Hormones are produced by special glands, called endocrine glands; they release hormones directly into the blood

Question 13

What is a hormone?

Answer 13

Chemical messengers produced by special glands, they are carried in the blood, and only affect target organs

Question 14

Name a hormone which is slow - acting, but cause long - term changes

Answer 14

Oestrogen and testosterone bring about puberty, which is a permanent change

Question 15

What is the type of message transmitted in the nervous system?

Answer 15

Electrical impulses travel along Neurons

Question 16

What is the type of message transmitted in the hormonal system?

Answer 16

Chemical - carried in the blood

Question 17

What is the nature and speed of response in the nervous system?

Answer 17

Only affects one part of the body

Fast

Question 18

What is the nature and speed of the response in the hormonal system?

Answer 18

Can affect many organ systems at once

Slow

Question 19

Where is insulin produced?

Answer 19

Pancreas

Question 20

Where does insulin act?

Answer 20

The heart

Question 21

How does insulin lower blood glucose levels?

Answer 21

It converts glucose into glycogen to be stored

It creates an increase of respiration in the cells

Question 22

What is an example of negative feedback?

Answer 22

Blood glucose level normal 
                     ⬇️
Meal rich in carbohydrates 
                     ⬇️
Blood glucose level rises 
                     ⬇️
Pancreas produces more insulin 
                     ⬇️
More respiration, more uptake of glucose by cells, glucose converted to glycogen
                     ⬇️
Blood glucose level falls
                     ⬇️
Blood glucose level returns to normal

Question 23

Why is negative feedback important?

Answer 23

It controls our blood glucose levels and prevents them from falling too low

Question 24

Why does blood glucose concentration become high after eating a meal?

Answer 24

Carbohydrates turn into sugar

Question 25

How does insulin reach the liver?

Answer 25

Goes into the blood stream

Question 26

Explain how insulin causes the liver to reduce the blood glucose concentration

Answer 26

Insulin converts glucose into glycogen to be stored in liver
The rate of respiration increases to reduce glucose in the blood
More glucose is taken up by liver cells

Question 27

Explain how the control of blood glucose concentration involves a feedback mechanism

Answer 27

When glucose is high, insulin is released to lower it. When glucose levels return back to normal, insulin stops being released

Question 28

How does insulin controls blood sugar levels?

Answer 28

It causes the liver to change excess glucose into glycogen. It also causes your liver cells to respire more

Question 29

What is the definition of diabetes?

Answer 29

This is a condition where the body doesn’t produce enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels at a controlled level. The blood glucose control mechanism fails

Question 30

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 30

High blood glucose
The presence of glucose in their urine
Lethargy
Thirst

Question 31

What are the long - term effects of diabetes?

Answer 31

Eye damage
Kidney failure
Heart disease
Stroke

Question 32

When does type 1 diabetes occur?

Answer 32

Early in life

Question 33

When does type 2 diabetes occur?

Answer 33

Later in life, it is a progressive disease linked to lifestyle factors and obesity

Question 34

What goes wrong with type 1 diabetes, and how do you treat it?

Answer 34

The pancreas stops producing insulin

Medication - insulin is taken throughout life

Question 35

What goes wrong with type 2 diabetes, and how do you treat it?

Answer 35

The pancreas gradually produces less insulin

It can be controlled by diet, but later it may need medication or insulin injections

Question 36

The number of people with diabetes is rising, why do you think this is happening?

Answer 36

Fast foods and ready - meals are convenient
Lack of exercise
Obesity; put on weight and no exercise to burn it off