disease and infection

Question 1

what does communicable mean?

Answer 1

it is infectious and can be spread and are caused by a pathogen

Question 2

how do pathogens spread? (3)

Answer 2

droplets in the air- coughing and sneezing
contaminated water
direct contact

Question 3

what is HIV?

Answer 3

virus spread by sexual contact and exchanging bodily fluids

Question 4

what is measles?

Answer 4

a red skin rash spread by airborne - can be prevented by vaccinations

Question 5

what is salmonella?

Answer 5

bacterial food poisoning caused by eating contaminated food and can cause vomiting

Question 6

what is malaria?

Answer 6

a protist disease that takes place inside a mosquito and when the mosquito feeds on another animal it infects it

Question 7

what are unique molecules called?

Answer 7

antigens

Question 8

what do white blood cells produce?

Answer 8

antibodies

Question 9

what are antibodies?

Answer 9

proteins that are specific to one type of antigen

Question 10

what happens if you are reinfected with the same pathogen?

Answer 10

white blood cells recognise the antigen and will rapidly produce large numbers of the correct antibodies to kill it

Question 11

what are vaccinations?

Answer 11

injections of small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens so pathogen is killed before it makes you ill

Question 12

why would a measles vaccine only provide protection against measles and not any other virus?

Answer 12

the measles vaccine only provides the correct antibodies for measles and not any other virus

Question 13

what are antigens?

Answer 13

unique molecules on the surface or membrane of pathogens

Question 14

what are advantages to vaccines? (3)

Answer 14

helped to control many diseases
small pox no longer occurs
big outbreaks of diseases can be prevented

Question 15

what are disadvantages of vaccines? (2)

Answer 15

don’t always work
can be side effects like bad reactions or seizures

Question 16

what do painkillers do?

Answer 16

numbs pain and reduces swelling and temperature

Question 17

which medicines treat the cause of the disease?

Answer 17

antibiotics e.g. penicillin

Question 18

what do antibiotics do?

Answer 18

target cellular processes that are unique to bacteria cells

Question 19

what is a disadvantage of antibiotics?

Answer 19

cannot be used to treat viral infections because viruses reproduce inside cells

Question 20

what happens when antibiotics are overused or misused?

Answer 20

bacteria becomes resistant

Question 21

what happens when there is variation in bacteria?

Answer 21

some bacteria have random mutation giving them resistance, these then survive and reproduce

Question 22

why is resistant bacteria a problem?

Answer 22

difficult to control and treat

Question 23

how can we prevent resistant bacteria? (2)

Answer 23

isolate infected individuals
limit use of antibiotics

Question 24

where does aspirin originate from and what is it used for?

Answer 24

willow tree
painkiller to reduce temperature

Question 25

where does digitalis originate from and what is it used for?

Answer 25

foxgloves treat heart conditions

Question 26

who discovered antibiotics and penicillin?

Answer 26

alexander fleming

Question 27

why is efficiency tested in preclinical trials?

Answer 27

to test if the drug works

Question 28

why is toxicity tested in preclinical trials?

Answer 28

test how harmful the drug is

Question 29

why is dosage tested in preclinical trials?

Answer 29

test for concentration of drug and how often to use it

Question 30

what to clinical trials look for when testing on healthy volunteers? (3)

Answer 30

safety toxicity side effects

Question 31

what do clinical trials look for when testing on patients with the disease? (3)

Answer 31

optimum dose side effects at higher doses efficiency

Question 32

what happens when testing for efficacy?

Answer 32

patients are put randomly into two groups - these must be similar age and gender one group is given drug and one a placebo

Question 33

why do doctors give one group a placebo?

Answer 33

so they can see the actual effects the drug make without placebo effect

Question 34

what are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus? (2)

Answer 34

leaf turns yellow or white in mosaic pattern leaf crinkles/ curls up

Question 35

what are the effects of tobacco mosaic virus?

Answer 35

infect chloroplast and reduces plant's ability to photosynthesise so doesn't grow properly - there is no treatment

Question 36

what are the symptoms of rose black spot fungus? (3)

Answer 36

black and purple spots on leaves leaf turns yellow leaf drops off plant

Question 37

what are the effects of rose black spot fungus?

Answer 37

leaves drop of and decreases ability to photosynthesise so reduces growth

Question 38

how can we treat rose black spot?

Answer 38

fungicides

Question 39

what are the effects of aphids?

Answer 39

they reduce growth rate and kill plants

Question 40

what are the symptoms and effects of nitrate deficiency? (3)

Answer 40

leaves turn pale green or yellow reduces chlorophyll in leaves stunts growth

Question 41

what are the symptoms and effects of magnesium deficiency? (3)

Answer 41

limited in photosynthesis yellow leaves less growth

Question 42

what are 6 common signs of plant diseases?

Answer 42

stunted growth spots on leaves decay fungi less leaves pests

Question 43

what do physical defences in plants do?

Answer 43

prevent entry of pathogens e.g. waxy cuticle

Question 44

what do chemical defences do?

Answer 44

chemicals that plants can secrete e.g. anti microbial poisons

Question 45

what do mechanical defences do?

Answer 45

more of a function to stop animals touching or eating them e.g. leaves that droop when sensing an animal