Discourse and Pragmatics Flashcards
Paralinguistic Features
Non-verbal cues and features used during communication
Vocal effects
Laughter, whisper
Non verbal communication
Process of sending and recieving messages without using words
Code Switching
Using multiple different languages during speech
Cohesion
Refers to the way we use grammatical and lexical techniques to link words together to create meaning.
Synonymy
Using pairs or groups of words that are equivalent or similar in meaning
Antonymy
Relationship of words that are opposite in meaning
Hyponymy
Word that belongs to a larger category of terms. Can help writers avoid repetition. Increases cohesion.
Hypernym
Larger category of terms
Ellipsis
Omission of words or phrases, when they are known due to contextual info or because they have been referred to.
Repetition
Using the same word throughout a text to reiterate an idea or topic.
Substitution
Occurs when alternative words, phrases are used in place of the original.
Collocation
Words that typically appear next to or near each other in texts. Strengthen cohesion by letting audiences predict the next word. E.G. drink strong or weak tea?
Adverbials
Words, phrases that provide information
Conjunctions
Join words, phrases together to allow for addition, contrasts.
Information Flow
How speakers convey meaning by organizing and sequencing their language to effectively communicate.
Front Focus
Occurs when a speaker places new or important information at the front of the sentence.
Clefting
Refers to the modification of the syntax of a sentence to emphasize one particular element. “It is potato cakes that I like eating”
End focus
When speakers place new or important information at the end of a sentence or clause.
Anaphoric Reference
When a speaker refers to something previously mentioned in a conversation or discourse. Pronouns, determiners
Cataphoric Reference
When a speaker uses a pronoun to refer to something that will be mentioned later in the discourse.
Inference
Meaning that the audience makes when considering a text that contains information that is not overtly present.
Logical ordering
Occurs when we construct a text, as we arrange information in a way that will maximize understanding.
Openings
The initial phases of a discourse where participants establish contact and introduce the topic or purpose. Can create rapport
Closings
Occur in the final phase of discourse, where participants wrap up the interaction.