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English Language Units 3/4 > Discourse and Pragmatics > Flashcards

Discourse and Pragmatics Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Paralinguistic Features

A

Non-verbal cues and features used during communication

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2
Q

Vocal effects

A

Laughter, whisper

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3
Q

Non verbal communication

A

Process of sending and recieving messages without using words

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4
Q

Code Switching

A

Using multiple different languages during speech

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5
Q

Cohesion

A

Refers to the way we use grammatical and lexical techniques to link words together to create meaning.

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6
Q

Synonymy

A

Using pairs or groups of words that are equivalent or similar in meaning

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7
Q

Antonymy

A

Relationship of words that are opposite in meaning

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8
Q

Hyponymy

A

Word that belongs to a larger category of terms. Can help writers avoid repetition. Increases cohesion.

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9
Q

Hypernym

A

Larger category of terms

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10
Q

Ellipsis

A

Omission of words or phrases, when they are known due to contextual info or because they have been referred to.

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11
Q

Repetition

A

Using the same word throughout a text to reiterate an idea or topic.

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12
Q

Substitution

A

Occurs when alternative words, phrases are used in place of the original.

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13
Q

Collocation

A

Words that typically appear next to or near each other in texts. Strengthen cohesion by letting audiences predict the next word. E.G. drink strong or weak tea?

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14
Q

Adverbials

A

Words, phrases that provide information

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15
Q

Conjunctions

A

Join words, phrases together to allow for addition, contrasts.

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16
Q

Information Flow

A

How speakers convey meaning by organizing and sequencing their language to effectively communicate.

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17
Q

Front Focus

A

Occurs when a speaker places new or important information at the front of the sentence.

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18
Q

Clefting

A

Refers to the modification of the syntax of a sentence to emphasize one particular element. “It is potato cakes that I like eating”

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19
Q

End focus

A

When speakers place new or important information at the end of a sentence or clause.

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20
Q

Anaphoric Reference

A

When a speaker refers to something previously mentioned in a conversation or discourse. Pronouns, determiners

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21
Q

Cataphoric Reference

A

When a speaker uses a pronoun to refer to something that will be mentioned later in the discourse.

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22
Q

Inference

A

Meaning that the audience makes when considering a text that contains information that is not overtly present.

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23
Q

Logical ordering

A

Occurs when we construct a text, as we arrange information in a way that will maximize understanding.

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24
Q

Openings

A

The initial phases of a discourse where participants establish contact and introduce the topic or purpose. Can create rapport

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25
Q

Closings

A

Occur in the final phase of discourse, where participants wrap up the interaction.

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26
Q

Adjacency pairs

A

Turns in a conversation where one speech act is followed by its expected response.

27
Q

Minimal response

A

Brief replies that acknowledge or encourage another speaker, provide opinion, maintain conversational flow and indicate understanding, engagement.

28
Q

Overlapping Speech

A

Situation where two or more participants speak at the same time. Can be cooperative or uncooperative.

29
Q

Discourse particles

A

Do not carry semantic meaning, but play a role in organizing communication. “Well, you know, like, anyway”

30
Q

Non-fluency features

A

Aspects of discourse that reduce its cohesion.
-Pauses, filled pauses / voice hesitations, false starts, repetition
and repairs.

31
Q

Pauses

A

Brief intervals of silence during speech. Can indicate gathering thoughts, hesitation or a shift in topic.

32
Q

False Starts

A

Begin an utterance but then interrupt themselves and start again.

33
Q

Repetition

A

Unintentional restating of words, due to hesitations, self-correction or difficulty in finding the right words.

34
Q

Repairs

A

Instances where speakers correct or revise their previous utterances.

35
Q

Topic management

A

Methods speakers use to manage a topic within a conversation or monologue.
E.G. Initiation, Development, Shift, Change, Loop, Termination.

36
Q

Turn-Taking

A

Methods by which speakers alternate turns when talking.

37
Q

Code Switching

A

When a speakers switches between two or more languages in a single interaction or text.

Used to demonstrate group membership, shared background, or increase group bonds

38
Q

Politeness Strategies

A

Speech acts that express concern for others and minimize threats to self-esteem

39
Q

Positive Politeness and Examples

A

Strategies we use to create and maintain social harmony by demonstrating empathy and building rapport.
E.G. Emphasizing similarity, showing interest, using humor, offering compliments, using inclusive language

40
Q

Negative Politeness

A

Focuses on reducing the imposition placed on the listener. Achieved by indirectness.
E.G. Hedging, being indirect and ambiguous, using low modality verbs, apologizing and applying other mitigating strategies.

41
Q

Face

A

Used to describe the aspect of the listener that is being acknowledged through the use of politeness strategies.

42
Q

Positive Face

A

The desire to be seen as competent and liked by others. It reflects an individual’s need for social recognition, appreciation and inclusion.

43
Q

Negative Face

A

The desire to be free from imposition and constraints on autonomy.

44
Q

Face-threatening acts

A

Communication that may pose a threat to an individual’s face. Leading to consequences such as embarrassment, offence or conflict.

45
Q

Cohesion Features

A

lexical choice, ellipsis, repetition, substitution, collocation, adverbials, conjunctions, information flow and reference.

46
Q

Lexical choice

A

Selecting words for the situational context

47
Q

Coherence

A

Logical and meaningful organisation of a text. Arranging ideas, information and the elements of a text in such a way that the sentences, paragraphs and sections create a clear message with smooth transitions.

48
Q

Coherence Features

A

Cohesion, inference, logical ordering, formatting and consistency and conventions

49
Q

Consistency- coherence factor

A

When similar concepts or entities are referred to in the same way throughout the text, without unnecessary variations.
-Consistant formatting, as well as the use of consistant punctuation, capitalisation, font and spacing also contribute.

50
Q

Conventions- coherence factor

A

Established rules and expectations for how certain types of texts are structured, organised and presented.
-Add to coherence

51
Q

Features of spoken discourse

A

Openings, closings, adjacency pairs, minimal responses/backchannels, overlapping speech, discourse markers/particles and non-fluency features

52
Q

Spoken discourse strategies

A

Topic management, turn-taking, management of repair sequences and code switching

53
Q

Initiation (Topic management)

A

Introducing a new topic in a conversation

54
Q

Development (Topic management)

A

The progression of a topic within a conversation. It involves expanding upon the initial discussion by providing more details, examples or explanations related to the topic.

55
Q

Shift (Topic management)

A

Where the conversation moves from one topic to another, and there is a coherent link between the two

56
Q

Change (Topic management)

A

The transition from one topic to a different topic during a conversation, it can occur naturally as participants move from one point to another or it can be a deliberate change to a different subject.

57
Q

Loop (Topic management)

A

Revisiting or returning to a previously discussed topic in a conversation.

58
Q

Termination (Topic management)

A

The closure of a topic within a conversation, occurring when participants reach a natural end point.

59
Q

self initiated self repair

A

The speaker realises their own mistake and corrects it immediately without intervention from the listener.

60
Q

self initiated other repair

A

The speaker notices their own mistake and invites the listener to correct it

61
Q

Other initiated self repair

A

The listener indicates a problem and the speaker makes the correction. Builds rapport or face threatening.

62
Q

Other initiated other repair

A

The listener indicates a problem and provides the correction. May cause offence if not appropriate in the context.

63
Q
A

English Language Units 3/4 (13 decks)

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