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Anatomy Test 3 > Digestive Tract > Flashcards

Digestive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first sphincter in the digestive tract?

A

the mouth (orbicularis oris)

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2
Q

how does the mouth contribute to the process of digestion?

A
  1. mechanical digestion (mastication)
  2. chemical digestion (saliva)
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3
Q

where is salvia secreted from?

A

salivary glands

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4
Q

name the salivary glands

A
  1. submandibular
  2. sublingual
  3. parotid
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5
Q

name the innervations for the salivary glands

A
  1. submandibular and sublingual = CN7
  2. parotid = CN 9
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6
Q

muscles of mastication are innervated by what?

A

CN 5

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7
Q

what nerves are responsible for taste?

A

CN 7, 9, and 10

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8
Q

what nerves are responsible for the somatosensory function of the tongue?

A

CN 5

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9
Q

what does the somatosensory function of the tongue include?

A
  1. touch
  2. tactile sensation
  3. pain
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10
Q

what is the upper esophageal sphincter?

A

a thickening of the proximal esophageal wall

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11
Q

what is the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

thickening of distal esophagel wall + respiratroy diaphragm crura

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12
Q

what is the role of the lower esophagel sphincter?

A

prevent backflow of stomach acid to the esophagus

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13
Q

name the sections of the stomach

A
  1. cardiac
  2. fundus
  3. body
  4. pyloric regions
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14
Q

muscular wall of the stomach is made up of ___ layers

A
  1. circular muscle
  2. longitudinal muscle
  3. transverse muscle
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15
Q

what are the ridges in the stomach muscle wall called?

A

rugae

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16
Q

what does the stomach secrete and why?

A

gastric juice = chemical digestion of proteins

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17
Q

what is the role of the pyloric sphincter?

A

regulate flow of chyme into small intestine

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18
Q

the pyloric sphincter regulates flow from the stomach into which portion of the SI?

A

duodenum

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19
Q

name the parts of the SI

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
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20
Q

what is the role of the SI?

A

primary site of absorption for water and nutrients (~90% of all absorption)

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21
Q

what is the sphincter of Oddi?

A

a sphincter that controls the digestive juices from the liver and pancreas into the duodenum

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22
Q

role of pancreatic juice in the duodenum

A
  1. digests large molecules
  2. buffer the stomach acid that has entered the SI
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23
Q

what does the liver secrete into the duodenum?

A

Bile

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24
Q

what is the role of Bile?

A

digests fat globs into lipid droplets

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25
Q

what is the duodenal flexure?

A

a sudden right angle at the end of the duodenum

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26
Q

what is the role of the duodenal flexure?

A

it is associated with a suspensory muscle which allows it to change the flow from the duodenum to the jejunum

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27
Q

how would you describe the lumen of the SI?

A

modified for increased SA

  • circular fold (plicae)
  • projections/villi
  • brush border/microvilli
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28
Q

what connects the SI to the LI?

A

ileocecal sphincter

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29
Q

name the sections of the LI

A
  1. cecum/appendix
  2. ascending colon
  3. transverse colon
  4. descending colon
  5. sigmoid colon
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30
Q

what is the role of LI?

A
  1. last 10% of absorption of water
  2. bacterial digestion = absorption of vitamins and minerals
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31
Q

last stop of the GI after the LI?

A

rectum/anus

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32
Q

role of the rectum/anus

A

feces accumulation and defecation

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33
Q

name the sphincters at the anus/rectum

A
  1. internal anal sphincter
  2. external anal sphincter
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34
Q

differentiate between the internal/external anal sphincter

A
  1. internal = smooth muscle and involuntary
  2. external = pelvic diaphragm (puborectalis) - skeletal muscle so it is voluntary
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35
Q

the blood flow in the digestive tract can be broken down into what 2 planes?

A
  1. Anterior midline plane = 3 unpaired arteries to viscera
  2. lateral plane = 4 paired arteries to viscera
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36
Q

Name the 3 unpaired arteries that make up the anterior midline plane

A
  1. Celiac Trunk
  2. Superior mesenteric artery
  3. Inferior mesenteric artery
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37
Q

what does the Celiac Trunk supply blood to?

A
  1. stomach
  2. spleen
  3. pancreas
  4. liver
  5. proximal duodenum
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38
Q

what does the Superior Mesenteric Artery supply blood to?

A
  1. distal duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
  4. cecum
  5. ascending colon
  6. 1/2 of transverse colon
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39
Q

what does the Inferior Mesenteric Artery supply blood to?

A
  1. 1/2 transverse colon (distal)
  2. descending colon
  3. sigmoid colon
  4. rectum
  5. proximal anus (above pectinate line)
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40
Q

what do all the structures supplied by the celiac, and S/I mesenteric arteries drain into?

A

Hepatic portal vein

41
Q

What arteries are in the lateral plane?

A
  1. inferior phrenic
  2. suprarenal
  3. renal
  4. gonadal
42
Q

what does the inferior phrenic artery supply?

A

inferior diaphragm

43
Q

what do the suprarenal arteries supply?

A

adrenal glands

44
Q

what do the renal arteries supply?

A

Kindeys

45
Q

what is the hepatic portal vein?

A

a large venous system that drains directly into the liver

46
Q

what does the liver do to blood in the hepatic portal vein?

A
  1. takes glucose out of the blood and stores it
  2. detoxifies the blood
47
Q

T/F: the sugar removed from the blood at the liver is stored to sustain us between meals?

A

TRUE

48
Q

how would liver disease affect venous blood flow in the hepatic portal vein?

A

liver BP would increase = backflow into portal system

=portal system shunts to azygous and inferior mesenteric veins

=high volumes of blood in those veins can result in hemmorrhoids

49
Q

the lateral plane (paired arteries) will not drain to the hepatic portal vein. Instead they drain _______

A

into veins with corresponding names

these eventually drain into the inferior vena cava

50
Q

describe lymph flow in the digestive tract

A
  • lymph capillaries in cavity and organ
  • lymp vessels
  • lymph nodes
  • cisterna chyli
  • thoracic duct
  • left angle between jugular and subclavian veins
51
Q

what is the enteric nervous system?

A

the gut tube’s own endogenous nervous system

52
Q

what does the enteric nervous system allow the gut tube to do?

A

continue to contract and secrete even after being removed from the body

53
Q

what are the components of the enteric nervous system?

A
  1. submucosal plexus
  2. myenteric plexus
54
Q

what is the role of submucosal plexus?

A

controls secretion from the glands in the mucosa

55
Q

what is the role of myenteric plexus?

A

controls contraction of the circular and longitudinal muscles

56
Q

What regulates the activity of the enteric nervous system?

A

the automonic nervous system (ANS)

57
Q

how does PNS input impact the digestive tract?

A

increases secretion and contraction

58
Q

what is the main PNS input to the digestive tract from?

A

CN 10

59
Q

how does SNS input impact the digestive tract?

A

decreases contraction and secretion

60
Q

describe the layers of the gut tube

A
  1. lumen surface
  2. muscular wall
  3. adventitia
  4. visceral peritoneum
61
Q

sympathetic input to the abdominal organs come from what sources?

A
  1. chain (paravertebral) ganglia
  2. prevertebral ganglia (unpaired sympathetic ganglia)
62
Q

what are the chain (paravertebral) ganglia?

A

come from lateral horns of T1-L2

extend from cervical to sacral vertebral cord bilaterally

63
Q

what are the prevertebral ganglia (unpaired sympathetic ganglia)?

A

associated ganglia with the aorta

names fro blood vessels comming off the aorta they are close too

64
Q

Name the prevertebral ganglia

A
  1. celiac
  2. aorticorenal
  3. superior mesenteric
  4. inferior mesenteric
65
Q

what are plexi in the abdominal region?

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

66
Q

name the plexi in the abdominal region

A
  1. celiac plexus
  2. superior mesenteric plexus
  3. inferior mesenteric plexus
  4. superior hypogastric plexus
  5. inferior hypogastric plexus
67
Q

what are splanchnic nerves?

A

sympathetic nerves that connect:

  • spinal cord to chain ganglia
  • sympathetic chain ganglia to prevertebral ganglia and plexi
68
Q

name the serous membranes in the abdominal cavity

A
  1. parietal pertioneum
  2. viseral peritoneum
  3. peritoneal cavity
  4. retroperitoneal
69
Q

how is visceral peritoneum formed?

A

lining of the peritoneum is folded around abdominal organs.

the base of fold binds the organ to the posterior abdominal wall and contains nerves, blood, and lymph vessels

70
Q

What are the prominent peritoneal folds we need to know?

A
  1. mesentery
  2. mesocolon
  3. falciform ligament
  4. lesser omentum
  5. greater omentum
71
Q

what is the mesentery?

A

peritonel fold that attaches small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

72
Q

what is the mesocolon?

A

peritoneal fold that attaches large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

73
Q

what is the falciform ligament?

A

peritoneal fold that attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

74
Q

what is the lesser omentum?

A

peritoneal fold that attaches stomach and duodenum to liver

75
Q

what is found in the lesser omentum?

A

portal triad/liver hylus

76
Q

what is the greater omentum?

A

peritoneal fold that attaches stomach, duodenum, and colon

77
Q

where is there a pectinate line in the GI tract?

A

at the anal canal

78
Q

describe sensory/innervation and blood supply superior to the pectinate line

A
  • visceral innervations (involuntary motor, unconscious sensory)
  • inferior mesenteric artery/portal venous drainage
79
Q

describe sensory/innervation and blood supply inferior to the pectinate line

A
  • somatic (voluntary motor, conscious sensory = pain) innervations
  • internal illiac artery and caval venous drainage
    • bypasses the portal system
80
Q

Name the accessory organs in the digestive tract

A
  1. Spleen
  2. Pancreas
  3. Liver
  4. Gallbladder, and Bile ducts
81
Q

where is the spleen located?

A

superior left quadrant

within the rib cage

posterior to stomach

anterior to diaphram

82
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

lymphatic organ

remove/recycle old RBCs

act as blood reservoir

83
Q

where is the pancreas located?

A

retroperitoneal

superior right and left quadrants

84
Q

what is the function of the pancreas?

A
  1. endocrine organ
  2. exocrine organ
85
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

secretes pancreatic jucie (which contains buffer and digestive enzymes) into duodenum

86
Q

how does pancreatic juice enter the duodenum?

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla duct

87
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

secretes insulin and glucagon into the blood

88
Q

which pancreatic hormone is anabolic?

A

insulin

glucoagon is catabolic

89
Q

how is the pancreas connected to the duodenum?

A
  1. pancreatic duct and sphincter
  2. accessory pancreatic duct
90
Q

the main pancreatic duct is also called what?

A
  1. hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater)
  2. hepatopancreatic sphincter (of Oddi)
91
Q

where is the liver located?

A

largest gland

second largest organ

located inthe superior R/L quadrants

92
Q

what are the functions of the liver?

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Excretion
  3. glucose storage
  4. blood detoxification
  5. production/secretion of plasma proteins
  6. calcium homeostasis
93
Q

what does the liver excrete?

A
  1. bile acid and salts
  2. cholesterole
  3. bilirubin
94
Q

where is the gallbladder located?

A

upper R quadrant, visceral surface of liver right lobe in right sagittal fissure

95
Q

gallbladder and bile duct function

A

store, concentrate, and convey bile from liver to duodenum

96
Q

where is the anal canal located?

A

perineum in an triangle of the pevic diaphragm

97
Q

what are the attachments of the anal canal?

A
  1. anococcygeal ligament
  2. central point of the perineum = peroneal body
  3. external sphincter is blended into the levator ani, puborectalis, of the pelvic diaphragm
98
Q
A

Anatomy Test 3 (6 decks)

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