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Anat 25 > Digestive System (Wk 14 - Exam 4) > Flashcards

Digestive System (Wk 14 - Exam 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sphincter that’s labeled ‘A’ ?

https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1135576/files/77801154?module_item_id=16128486

pg 17

A

Upper Esophageal Sphincter

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2
Q

What kind of ET would the region labeled ‘B’ have?

https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1135576/files/77801154?module_item_id=16128486

pg 17

A

Simple Columnar ET

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3
Q

Identify the structures & regions that are in in the Upper GI tract

https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1135576/files/77801154?module_item_id=16128486

pg 20

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, & duodenum

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4
Q

Circle the pancreas in the diagram & name 1 of its functions

https://canvas.pasadena.edu/courses/1135576/files/77801154?module_item_id=16128486

pg 17

A
  • Secretes (releases) pancreatic juice with enzymes, which break down starches, fats, and sugars.
    OR
  • “Regulates (controls) blood sugar levels & appetite”
    OR
  • “Stimulate (trigger) stomach acids”
    OR
  • Tells stomach when to empty itself
    OR
  • Releases hormones, Glucagon (increases blood glucose) & Insulin (decreases blood glucose)

(John Hopkins Medicine).

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5
Q

What are the differences between the Upper & Lower GI Tracts?

A

Upper GI Tract = More digestion & less absorption
Lower GI Tract = Less digestion & more absorption

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6
Q

Arrange these structures as part of either the Upper or Lower GI tract:

  • Lower Esophageal sphincter
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Jejunum
  • Body of the stomach
  • Pharynx
  • Rectum
A
  • Lower Esophageal sphincter = Upper GI tract
  • Sigmoid colon = Lower GI tract
  • Jejunum = Lower GI tract
  • Body of the stomach = Upper GI tract
  • Pharynx = Upper GI tract
  • Rectum = Lower GI tract
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7
Q

Which plexus innervates the Submucosa?

A

Submucosal plexus

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8
Q

Arrange the Digestive System in correct order:

A
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Upper esophageal sphincter
  • Esophagus
  • Lower esophageal sphincter
  • Stomach
  • Pyloric sphincter
  • Duodenum (small intestine)
  • Jejunum (small intestine)
  • Ileum (small intestine)
  • Ileocecal valve
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • Anal cavity
  • Internal & External anal sphincters
  • Anus
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9
Q

What does Bile duct collect?

A

Bile

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10
Q

What does the Hepatopancreatic sphincter do?

A

(Regulates) Controls the release of pancreatic juice & Bile.

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11
Q

What are the most porous capillaries & are between Hepatocytes in the Liver?

A

Hepatic sinusoids

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12
Q

What is the function of the Digestive system?

A

Breaks down food
and absorbs nutrients

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13
Q

What is Ingestion?

A

Entry of food

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14
Q

What is Propulsion?

A

Moving food
- Swallowing and peristalsis (“the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward.”)

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15
Q

What is Digestion?

A

Breaking down food
─ mechanical and chemical digestion

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16
Q

What is absorption?

A

Carries digested nutrients
into the body

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17
Q

What is Defecation ?

A

Eliminates (Gets rid of) waste

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18
Q

What is the Gastrointestinal Tract and its function?

A

Muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
– transports food and waste
– pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
intestines, and large intestines

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19
Q

What are Accessory digestive organs?

A

Teeth, Tongue, Liver, Salivary glands, Gallbladder, and Pancrease

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20
Q

What is the function of the Accessory digestive organs?

A

Helps to break down food

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21
Q

What is NOT the function of the Accessory digestive organs?

A

They don’t transfer food or waste.

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22
Q

What does the Upper gastrointestinal tract include?

A

The mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, and duodenum

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23
Q

What does the Lower gastrointestinal tract include?

A

Majority of the Small intestine and
the entire Large intestine

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24
Q

The GI tract divisions are based ___________ and ________________________.

A

symptoms and clinical procedures

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25
Q

What is the Mucosa?

A

Inner lining of ET and supporting loose CT

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26
Q

What type of ET is in the Stomach, Small
intestines, and Large intestines ?

A

Simple Columnar ET

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27
Q

What type of ET is in the Mouth,
Pharynx, Esophagus, and Anus?

A

Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous ET

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28
Q

What is Submucosa? What does it contain?

A
  • Thick layer of dense CT
  • Has Blood and lymphatic vessels
    – Digestive glands and nerves
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29
Q

The Muscularis externa is made by thick layers of ________ tissue.

A

Muscle

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30
Q

Swallowing involves _________ muscle contracting to move food.

A

Skeletal

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31
Q

Peristalsis involves ________ muscle contracting to move food.

A

Smooth

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32
Q

Segmentation involves _________ muscle contracting to mix food.

A

Smooth

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33
Q

What is Serosa?

A

Outer layer of epithelium
and CT covering abdominal organs

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34
Q

What is the function of the Enteric nervous system?

A

Governs (controls) the
function of the gastrointestinal tract

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35
Q

What is the function of the Myenteric plexus?

A

Controls movement of food through GI tract

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36
Q

What is the function of Submucosal plexus?

A

Controls blood flow and digestive secretions (releases)

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37
Q

What structures are in the Right Upper Abdominal Quadrant?

A
  • Gallbladder
  • Liver
  • Transverse colon (Some parts of it)
  • Duodenum
  • Descending colon (Some parts of it
  • Right colic (hepatic) flexure
  • Diaphragm (Right portion)
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38
Q

What structures are in the Left Upper Abdominal Quadrant?

A
  • Stomach
  • Left colic (splenic) flexure
  • Pancreas
  • Transverse colon (Left porton)
  • Small Intestine - Jejunum (Left upper portion)
  • Liver (Left portion)
  • Diaphragm (Left portion)
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39
Q

What structures are in the Right Lower Abdominal Quadrant?

A
  • Ascending colon
  • Small Intestine
  • Ureter (Right portion)
  • Ileocecal valve
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40
Q

What structures are in the Left Lower Abdominal Quadrant?

A
  • Small Intestine
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • Transverse colon
  • Ureter
  • Left ovary (Female)
  • Left Fallopian tube (Female)
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41
Q

What is Peritoneum and what does it cover with its layers?

A

Broad serous membrane
that holds abdominal organs
─ Parietal layer covers body walls
—Visceral layer covers organs

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42
Q

What is Peritoneal cavity ?

A

Space between
parietal and visceral layers
─ filled with lubricating serous fluid

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43
Q

What is Greater omentum?

A

Apron-like structure in front of small intestine

44
Q

What is Lesser omentum?

A

Links stomach to
inferior border of liver

45
Q

What does the Falciform ligament anchor to?

A

Anchors liver to
anterior abdominal wall

46
Q

What does the Mesentery anchor?

A

Anchors small intestine to
posterior abdominal wall

47
Q

What does the Mesocolon anchor?

A

Anchors Large intestine to
posterior abdominal wall

48
Q

What is the Mouth?

A

Opening for ingesting food and
vocalizing sounds
– Labia form outer border of mouth
– Fauces is posterior opening to pharynx

49
Q

What is the Oral vestibule?

A

Pocket-like region between
the cheeks and the gums and teeth

50
Q

What is the Oral cavity proper?

A

Area enclosed (surrounded) by the Teeth

51
Q

What is the Tongue?

A

Muscular organ involved with taste, swallowing, and speech

52
Q

What is the function of the Salivary glands?

A

Makes saliva to begin
digestive process and kill bacteria

53
Q

Where are the Salivary glands located?

A
  1. Submandibular glands are located
    in the floor of the mouth
  2. Sublingual glands are located below
    the tongue
  3. Parotid glands lie between skin and
    masseter muscle near the ears
54
Q

What is the Pharynx?

A

Muscular tube that links
Respiratory and Digestive systems

55
Q

What is the Uvula & its function?

A

Soft tissue structure that blocks
foods and liquids from entering nose

56
Q

What are the Pharyngeal constrictors and their function?

A

Muscles that push food into Esophagus

57
Q

What is the Esophagus?

A

Flat, muscular tube that
connects the pharynx to the stomach
- Combo. of skeletal and smooth muscle

58
Q

What is the Esophageal hiatus?

A

Opening to pass
esophagus through diaphragm

59
Q

What is the function of the Upper esophageal sphincter ?

A

Stops air from entering esophagus

60
Q

What is the function of the Lower esophageal sphincter ?

A

Stops regurgitation (“the action of bringing swallowed food up again to the mouth”) of stomach contents

61
Q

___________________ changes the tissue type.

A

Barret’s Esophagus

62
Q

What is the Stomach?

A

Muscular sac that stores and
starts digesting food

63
Q

What is the Cardia?

A

Area of stomach that
gets food from esophagus

64
Q

What is Chyme?

A

Half-digested food

65
Q

What is Fundus?

A

Domed-shaped region of
stomach above the cardia

66
Q

What is the Body of the Stomach?

A

Big, middle area of Stomach

67
Q

What is the Pylorus?

A

Lower, funnel-shaped region
of Stomach connected to Duodenum

68
Q

What is the function of the Greater curvature?

A

Makes the lateral
surface of Stomach

69
Q

What is the function of the Lesser curvature?

A

Makes the medial
surface of Stomach

70
Q

What is the function of the Pyloric sphincter ?

A

Regulates (controls) passage
of chyme into duodenum

71
Q

What is the Gastric rugae and its function?

A

Folds of mucosa
that allow stomach to stretch

72
Q

What is the Small Intestine?

A

Muscular tube from
Stomach to Large intestine
─ chemical digestion and absorption

73
Q

What is the Duodenum?

A

Initial C-shaped region

74
Q

What is the Jejunum?

A

Middle region of Small Intestine

75
Q

What is the Ileum?

A

Final region of the Small Intestine

76
Q

What is the function of the Ileocecal valve?

A

Controls release of
material between ileum and colon

77
Q

What are the Circular folds and their function?

A

Ridges in mucosa and
submucosa that cause chyme to spiral

78
Q

What is Intestinal villi? What structures & functions does it have?

A

Finger-like projections of
the mucosa has:
– capillary bed absorbs digested proteins
and sugars into bloodstream
– lacteal is lymphatic capillary that
absorbs digested lipid

79
Q

What are Microvilli?

A

Tiny projections of the
plasma membrane of absorptive cells

80
Q

Function of Duodenal glands

A

Secrete (release) alkaline mucus
to buffer acidic chyme from stomach

81
Q

What cells create Intestinal gland? What is its function?

A

Made by cells of
mucosa and secrete (releases) intestinal juice

82
Q

What is Intestinal juice & its function?

A

Combination of water and
mucus that helps digest nutrients

83
Q

What are Peyer’s patches & what does it do?

A

Masses of lymphatic
tissue that stop bacterial infection

84
Q

What is the Large Intestine?

A

Muscular tube that
links the small intestine to the anus

85
Q

What are the functions of the Large Intestine?

A

Completes absorption and eliminate (gets rid of) feces

86
Q

What is the Appendix?

A

Finger-like tube that
attaches to the cecum

87
Q

What is Taeniae coli ?

A

3 bands of smooth
muscle that run length of colon

88
Q

What is Haustra?

A

Tiny pouch in the colon
made by contractions of teniae coli

89
Q

What is the Cecum?

A

Blind pouch making the
start of the Large intestine

90
Q

What is the Colon ?

A

Center region between the
cecum and rectum
– subdivided into ascending, transverse,
descending, and sigmoid colon

91
Q

What is the Right Colic flexure?

A

Curve between
ascending and transverse colons

92
Q

What is the Left colic flexure?

A

Curve between
transverse and descending colons

93
Q

What is the Rectum?

A

Straight region between
sigmoid colon and anal canal

94
Q

What is the Anal Canal?

A

Last region of the
large intestine

95
Q

What is the Anus?

A

Opening at end of GI tract, which gets rid of feces

96
Q

What is the Internal anal sphincter?

A

Involuntary
smooth muscle sphincter in anal canal

97
Q

What is the External anal sphincter?

A

Voluntary
skeletal muscle sphincter in anal canal

98
Q

Where does the Upper GI tract start & end?

A

Oral cavity & Duodenum (small intestine)

99
Q

What is the Liver?

A

Biggest gland in body and is in
in right upper quadrant of abdomen
− right, left, caudate, and quadrate lobes

100
Q

Function of Liver

A
  • Storage for absorbed nutrients from intestines
  • Filters out & detoxifies nutrients from GI tract
101
Q

What is Hepatic lobule?

A

Hexagonal-shaped structure that’s made of hepatocytes

102
Q

Function of Hepatic lobule

A

Gathers blood vessels and Liver cells

103
Q

What is Portal triad?

A

Organization of vessels at perimeter of hepatic lobules

104
Q

What is the function of Hepatic artery proper?

A

Supplies (stores) oxygenated blood

105
Q

What is the function of Hepatic portal veins

A

Supplies (Stores) deoxygenated nutrient-rich blood

106
Q

What is the function of Bile duct?

A

Gathers bile

Anat 25 (9 decks)

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