digestive system part 2

Question 1

how is most of the fat in the body stored

Answer 1

triacylglycerides

Question 2

what are chylomicrons?

Answer 2

longer fatty acid chains packaged into smooth ER and Golgi with a protein coat

Question 3

what makes up the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 3

mouth/pharynx/esophagus
stomach
upper/small intestine - digestion and absorption
lower/large intestine - absorption of water
anus - release of indigestible material

Question 4

what are the three compartments of small intestine

Answer 4

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 5

what are the four types of teeth

Answer 5

incisors
canines
- piercing and tearing
premolars
molars 
- breaking up and grinding

Question 6

role of salivary glands

Answer 6

1. lubricate food to go smoothly down GI tract
2. secret enzymes - salivary amylase
3. anti-microbial

Question 7

nervous system control on salivation

Answer 7

parasympathetic - stimulate salivation

sympathetic - inhibit salivation

Question 8

what layer is the gut derived from

Answer 8

endoderm

Question 9

what are the three regions of gut

Answer 9

foregut
midgut
hind gut

Question 10

how is nutrient uptake improved?

Answer 10

increasing surface area in

• increasing gut length
• increasing surface undulations
  ex. . circular folds, villi, microvilli

Question 11

what are ruminants

Answer 11

herbivores that have 4 compartments of stomach in order to digest plant material
ex. cattle sheep goats deer and giraffes

Question 12

what are the four compartments of ruminants stomachs

Answer 12

reticulum
rumen
omasum
abomasum

Question 13

what are the types of epithelial cells in the stomach

Answer 13

tight junctions
mucous neck cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells

Question 14

tight junctions

Answer 14

prevent leakage across epithelium

Question 15

mucous neck cells

Answer 15

stomach: secrete mucus

gel like substance protects stomach

Question 16

parietal cells

Answer 16

stomach: secrete hydrochloric acid

Question 17

chief cells

Answer 17

stomach: secrete protease pepsin in the form of pepsinogen

Question 18

enteroendocrine cells

Answer 18

stomach and intestine: secrete hormones into the blood

ex. gastrin

Question 19

what are the four main layers of the intestine

Answer 19

mucosa
submucosa - blood/lymphatic vessels and nerves
circular smooth muscle
longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 20

enterocytes

Answer 20

intestine: absorptive cells with microvilli

Question 21

goblet cells

Answer 21

intestine: secrete mucus

Question 22

panteth cells

Answer 22

intestine: secrete antimicrobial molecules

Question 23

crypt of lieberkuhn

Answer 23

intestine: secretes sucrase, maltase, lactase and peptidase

Question 24

bile characteristics

Answer 24

solution of digestive chemicals and liver waste product
produced in liver, stored in gallbladder
emulsifies fats and uptakes lipids

Question 25

proteases function

Answer 25

break down proteins
secreted as inactive proenzymes which are activated in the intestine
ex. trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase

Question 26

amylase function

Answer 26

breaks down glycogen and starch

Question 27

lipases function

Answer 27

break down triglycerides

Question 28

nucleases function

Answer 28

break down nucleic acids

Question 29

what cells in the pancreas secrete enzymes

Answer 29

acinar cells

Question 30

how does food move along the GI tract

Answer 30

contractions of smooth muscle controlled by nerves/hormones

Question 31

what is the optimal speed for gut motility

Answer 31

fast enough to minimize indigestible material in the GI tract
slow enough to allow time for digestion and absorption

Question 32

what are the smooth muscle layers in the gut

Answer 32

longitudinal - controls length and peristalsis

circular- controls diameter and segmentation

Question 33

how is the smooth muscle of the gut controlled

Answer 33

myogenic and neurogenic

Question 34

what is myenteric plexus

Answer 34

nerve network located in between muscles of the gut

receives signals from para/sympathetic nervous systems