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Anatomy > Digestive System part 2 > Flashcards

Digestive System part 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What does the salivary glands secrete?
A

• Saliva

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2
Q
  1. What is the function of the salivary glands
A

Moisten and bind food particles, begins carbo digestion, & acts as a solvent to dissolve food chemicals (necessary to taste), & clean mouth and teeth

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3
Q
  1. What are the 2 types of cells in salivary glands?
A

• Mucous and serous

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4
Q
  1. Which cell type secretes amylase?
A

• Serous

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5
Q
  1. What does amylase do?
A

• Digestive enzyme that splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides

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6
Q
  1. Which cell type secretes mucus?
A

• Mucous

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7
Q
  1. What does mucus do?
A

• Thick, stringy liquid that binds food and acts as lubricant during swallowing

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8
Q
  1. What are the 3 major glands in salivary glands?
A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands

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9
Q
  1. Which major gland is also known as submaxilary?
A

• Submandibular

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10
Q
  1. Which major gland is the smallest and found on floor of mouth under tongue and secretes a thick & stringy fluid?
A

• Sublingual glands

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11
Q
  1. Which major gland is the largest and found in front of and below ear and secretes watery fluid containing amylase?
A

• Parotid

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12
Q
  1. Which major gland is located on inside surface of jaw in floor of mouth and secretes a more viscous fluid than the parotid glands?
A

• Submandibular (submaxilary)

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13
Q
  1. The pharynx connects what 2 cavities with what 2 things?
A

• Connects nasal and oral cavity with larynx and esophagus

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14
Q
  1. What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
A

• Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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15
Q
  1. How long is the esophagus?
A

• 25 cm

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16
Q
  1. What is scattered throughout the esophagus to keep inner lining moist?
A

• Mucous glands

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17
Q
  1. What type of fibers are located in the esophagus?
A

• Circular muscle

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18
Q
  1. Why do the fibers in the esophagus contract?
A

• To prevent regurgitation

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19
Q
  1. When do the fibers in the esophagus relax and why?
A

• When peristaltic waves reach stomach to allow food to enter

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20
Q
  1. What is the stomach shaped as?
A

• J

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21
Q
  1. What is the capacity of the stomach?
A

• 1 liter

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22
Q
  1. The stomach is lined with thick folds called what?
A

• Rugae

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23
Q
  1. What is the function of the stomach?
A

• Receive food, mix it with gastric juice, initiate digestion of proteins, absorb some nutrients, and move food into small intestine

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24
Q
  1. What are the 4 regions of the stomach?
A

• Cardiac, fundic, body, pyloric

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25
Q
  1. Which portion of the stomach is the main part?
A

• Body

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26
Q
  1. Which portion of the stomach are balloons above cardiac region and is temporary storage area?
A

• Fundic

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27
Q
  1. Which portion of the stomach narrows and becomes pyloric canal?
A

• Pyloric

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28
Q
  1. What is the thickening of muscular wall at end of canal?
A

• Pyloric sphincter

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29
Q
  1. What does the thickening of the muscular wall prevent?
A

• Regurgitation from small intestine

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30
Q
  1. What are the 3 gastric secretions and what do they secrete?
A

• Mucous-mucus; chief-pepsinogen (inactive); parietal-HCl and intrinsic factor

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31
Q
  1. What changes pepsinogen into pepsin?
A

• HCl

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32
Q
  1. What helps absorb vitamin B-12 from small intestine?
A

• Intrinsic factor

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33
Q
  1. What is viscous and alkaline to coat and protect inner stomach wall from pepsin digesting the proteins of its wall?
A

• Mucus

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34
Q
  1. What is a protein-splitting enzyme?
A

• Pepsin

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35
Q
  1. What are 5 things the stomach can absorb?
A

• Water, glucose, certain salts, alcohol, various lipid-soluble drugs

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36
Q
  1. What is a semi-fluid paste of food and gastric juices and is pushed towards pyloric region?
A

• Chyme

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37
Q
  1. What rate depends on at which food empties to small intestine?
A

• Fluidity of chyme and type of food

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38
Q
  1. What is the order of substances that the stomach digests?
A

• Carbos, proteins, fats

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39
Q
  1. How long does it take to digest?
A

• 3-6 hrs

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40
Q
  1. The pancreas serves as what 2 glands?
A

• Endocrine and exocrine

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41
Q
  1. Which gland in the pancreas releases hormones?
A

• Endocrine

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42
Q
  1. Which gland in the pancreas secretes digestive juice?
A

• Exocrine

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43
Q
  1. The pancreas is an elongated, flattened organ that is posterior to what?
A

• Stomach

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44
Q
  1. What type of cells are in the pancreas?
A

• Acinar

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45
Q
  1. What do the cells in the pancreas produce?
A

• Pancreatic juice

46
Q
  1. What is the pancreatic juice capable of digesting?
A

• Carbos, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids

47
Q
  1. What splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides?
A

• Pancreatic amylase

48
Q
  1. What breaks triglycerides into 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol?
A

• Pancreatic lipase

49
Q
  1. What splits bonds of amino acids into proteins?
A

• Proteinases

50
Q
  1. What are 3 kinds of proteinases?
A

• Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase

51
Q
  1. the proteinases are all secreted in their inactive form until they reach small intestine where other enzymes do what?
A

• Activate them

52
Q
  1. What breaks nucleic acid molecules into nucleotides?
A

• Nucleases

53
Q
  1. What is a mass of chewed food mixed with saliva rolled into a ball?
A

• Bolus

54
Q
  1. What color is the liver and why?
A

• Reddish/brown because well supplied with blood vessels

55
Q
  1. What is the largest gland in the body?
A

• Liver

56
Q
  1. What are the 5 functions of the liver?
A
  • Metabolizes carbos, lipids, and proteins
  • Stores glycogen, vitamins A, D, & B12, and iron
  • Filters damaged RBCs and foreign substances from blood
  • Detoxificator – alters composition of toxic substances
  • Secretes bile
57
Q
  1. What color is the bile?
A

• Yellowish green liquid

58
Q
  1. What is bile composed of?
A

• Water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and electroclytes

59
Q
  1. The liver is composed of how many lobes?
A

• 2

60
Q
  1. Which lobe of the liver is larger?
A

• Right

61
Q
  1. What shape is the gallbladder?
A

• Pear

62
Q
  1. How is the gallbladder it attached to surface of liver?
A

• Cystic duct

63
Q
  1. What are the functions of the gall bladder?
A
  • Stores bile between meals
  • Concentrates bile
  • Releases bile into small intestine
64
Q
  1. How is the common bile duct formed?
A

• By union of hepatic and cystic ducts

65
Q
  1. Bile salts are not a digestive enzyme, but aids in what?
A

• The action of digestive enzymes

66
Q
  1. What do bile salts enhance absorption of?
A

• Fatty acids, certain fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K), and cholesterol

67
Q
  1. Lack of bile salts can cause what?
A

• Vitamin deficiencies and lipids to be absorb poorly

68
Q
  1. Lack of bile salts can cause what?
A

• Vitamin deficiencies and lipids to be absorb poorly

69
Q

How long is the small intestine

A

20-22 feet

70
Q

name the three parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

71
Q

Which of the three parts is the first in the small intestine

A

duodenum

72
Q

how long is the duodenum

A

25 cm

73
Q

what is the diameter of the duodenum

A

5 cm

74
Q

what is the shape of the duodenum

A

c-shaped

75
Q

which of the three portions in the small intestine is the most fixed

A

duodenum

76
Q

which two parts of the small intestine lie free and are suspended from posterior abdominal wall

A

jejunum and ileum

77
Q

what is mesentary

A

a supportive tissue that is a double-layered fold of peritoneum, containing blood vessels. nerves and lymphatic vessels

78
Q

which of the three parts of the small intestine is larger in diameter, has a thicker mroe vascular wall and is more active than the ileum

A

jejunum

79
Q

What type of appearance does the intestinal villi give

A

velvety

80
Q

which two parts in the SI have the most intestinal villi

A

duodenum and front portion of the jejunum

81
Q

what is the job of intestinal villi

A

increase surface area and absorb digestive products

82
Q

Where are intestinal glands found

A

between bases of villi

83
Q

epithelial cells have what kind of enzymes

A

digestive

84
Q

what is the job of peptidases

A

splits proteins in to amino acids

85
Q

sucrase, maltase, and lactase split disaccarides into what

A

monosaccharides

86
Q

what is the most important absorbing organ of the alimentary canal

A

Small intestine

87
Q

what do the villi absorb

A

water, digestive products and electrolytes

88
Q

what are monosaccharides absorbed by

A

diffusion, active transport and facilitated diffusion

89
Q

what are amino acids absorbed by

A

active transport

90
Q

what are fats absorbed by

A

diffusion

91
Q

how long does it take nutrients to move through the small intestine

A

3-10 hours

92
Q

in the small intestine define mixing

A

small ring-like contractions that cut chyme into segments

93
Q

in the small intestine define peristalsis

A

weak waves along with chyme being pushed a short distance, nutrients move slow

94
Q

what is it called when there is an over distention or irritation in the SI wall and it causes feces to pass the entire length of the small intestine and large intestine at rapid pase

A

strong peristaltic rush

95
Q

what is the ileocecal valve

A

sphincter muscles between ileum and cecum

96
Q

How long is the large intestine

A

1.5 meters

97
Q

Why is the large intestine called the large if it is shorter than the SI

A

it has a larger diameter

98
Q

what are the 4 portions of the large intestine

A
  1. cecum
  2. colon
  3. rectum
  4. anal canal
99
Q

what are the four parts of the colon

A
  1. ascending
  2. transverse
  3. descending
  4. sigmoid
100
Q

which of the four portions of the Large intestine is the first part

A

cecum

101
Q

what is the vermiform appendix

A

a narrow close ended tube that projects downward of the cecum and has no digestive function

102
Q

where does the rectum end

A

5 cm below the tip of the coccyx

103
Q

how long is the anal portion of the large intestine

A

2.5-4 cm

104
Q

What are the two sphincter muscles that guard the anus

A

internal and external

105
Q

which of the two anal sphincter muscles is composed of smooth muscle and is involuntary

A

internal

106
Q

which of the two anal sphincter muscles is composed of skeletal muscle and has voluntary control

A

external

107
Q

which of the two anal sphincter muscles is composed of skeletal muscle and has voluntary control

A

external

108
Q

Name the functions of the large intestine

A
  1. little to no digestive function
  2. front half reabsorbs water and electrolytes from chyme
  3. back half stores remaining substances as feces
109
Q

what is the only secretion in the large intestine

A

mucous

110
Q

what does the mucus in the large intestine do

A
  1. protects wall from abraisive material passing through
  2. holds fecal mater
  3. controls pH of large intestine contents
111
Q

how often does peristalsis in the large intestine occur

A

2-3 times a day

112
Q

what are feces composed of?

A

undigested/unabsorbed material, 75%water, electrolytes, mucus and bacteria

Anatomy (8 decks)

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