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WB Med. Term > Digestive System A/P chapter 6 > Flashcards

Digestive System A/P chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

digestive system

A

aka gastrointestinal (GI) system

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2
Q

what does digestive system consist of

A

GI tract (alimentary canal),

gallbalder,

liver,

panreas

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3
Q

what is primary function of GI system

A
  1. break down food,
  2. prepare for absorption,
  3. eliminate waste
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4
Q

How does GI system work

A

food passes along GI tract,

mixes with digestive enzymes,

broken down into nutrient molecules,

absorbed into blood stream,

undigested waste materials eliminated through defecation

passes, mixes, broken, absorbed, eliminated

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5
Q

bilirubin

A

orange-yellow pigment formed formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells and excreted in feces

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6
Q

Jaundice

A

elevated bilirubin produces yellow skin,

indicates liver damage or disease

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7
Q

bolus

A

mass of masticated food ready for swallowing

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8
Q

exocrine

A

type of gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel

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9
Q

sphincter

A

circular and of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body

(eg cardiac sphincter/ lower esophoageal sphincter)

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10
Q

cardiac sphincter

A

lower esophageal sphincter constricts once food passes into the stomach, consists of muscle fibers

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11
Q

triglycerides

A

organic compound, a true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids

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12
Q

lipoproteins

A

triglycerides combine with proteins in the blood,

liver synthesizes the lipoproteins to transport fats to other tissues,

where they are source of energy,

fat in adipose tissue is stored as energy

fat protein, energy

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13
Q

oral cavity

A

purpose: receptacle for food,

includes:

cheeks (bucca), lips,

teeth,

tongue,

hard and soft palate,

lined with mucous membranes

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14
Q

bucca

A

cheek

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15
Q

salivary glands

A

located in oral cavity,

3 pairs of salivary glands, secrete saliva

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16
Q

salivary

A

has important enzymes that start break down of food

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17
Q

food

A

broken down in mouth,

mechanically by teeth,

chemically by saliva

and formed into bolus

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18
Q

Pathway of food in digestive system

A

mouth, (salivary glands),

pharynx (throat),

esophagus,

stomach

liver,

gallbladder,

pancreas,

duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum,

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus,

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19
Q

upper GI system consists of

A

mouth, pharynx, esophogus, stomach

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20
Q

small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum,

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21
Q

large intestine

A

cecum,

ascending colon,

transverse colon,

descending colon,

sigmoid colon,

rectum

cat dsr

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22
Q

purpose of teeth in digestion

A

break down food (mastication)

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23
Q

mastication

A

mechanically breaking down food (teeth) mix it with saliva

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24
Q

teeth parts

A

enamel,

dentin

pulp

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25
enamel
white part of tooth
26
dentin
main part of tooth
27
pulp
innermost part of tooth with nerves and blood vessels
28
gingiva
gums, pink fleshy tissue
29
purpose of tongue in digestion
1. manipulates bolus of **food during chewing** 2. and moves to **back for swallowing,** 3. **speech** production, 4. **taste**
30
deglutition
swallowing
31
papillae
rough projections on the surface of the tongue containing **taste buds**
32
4 types of taste buds
1. sweet, 2. sour, 3. salty, 4. bitter, all other tastes are combinations, linked to smell
33
2 structures form roof of mouth
1. hard palate, 2. soft palate
34
hard palate
anterior roof of mouth,
35
soft palate
**posterior** roof of mouth, forms partition bw mouth and nasopharynx, continuous with hard palate
36
pharynx
**throat,** passage way to **respiratory and GI tract,** **chamber for speech** sounds, 2 tubes at bottom, **trachea and esophagus,** **lead to lungs**
37
uvula
what: soft, fleshy, v shaped, purpose: guides the bolus of food down pharynx
38
trachea
lower part of pharynx **leads to lungs**
39
esophagus
lower part of pharynx **leads to stomach**
40
epiglottis
small flap of **cartilage** folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing **forcing foods to enter the esophagus,** other times sits upright and lets air flow
41
stomach what where purpose
what: saclike structure, where: LUQ, purpose: serves as a food reservoir that continues chemical and mechanical digestion
42
where is the stomach located
LUQ, from duodenum to cardiac sphincter
43
what does cardiac sphincter do
prevents stomach contents from regurgitating back into the esophagus
44
body of the stomach
large central protion, with fundus, main storage area
45
fundus of the stomach purpose; Where;
Purpose: storage area, where: upper area of stomach
46
pylorus purpose; what:
Purpose: digestion takes place, What: funnel shaped terminal portion of stomach
47
rugae what: Purpose: Produces
**_Wha_**t: mucus membranes, _purpose_: macroscopic longitundinal folds unfold as stomach fills, **_produce_**s: produce HCI and enzymes
48
HCI
hydrochloric acid
49
Digestive glands produce; purpose:
produce: HCI and enzymes, purpose: combined with mechancial churning of the stomach turn bolus into chyme
50
chyme What; Why:
What: semiliquid form of bolus of food after HCI and enzymes, Why: how food leaves the stomach
51
pyloric sphincter
**regulates** the **speed** and **movemen**t of **chyme** into the small intestine and **prevents** backflow regulates chyme prevents backflow
52
Peristalsis
coordinated rhythmic **muscle contractions** propels **food** **through** the entire **GI tract**
53
small intestine What; Where parts
what; coiled tube, 20 feet long, Where; begins at pyloric sphincter and ends at large intestine, has 3 parts, duodenum, jujenum, ileum
54
lengths of small intestine
small intestine 20 feel long, duodenum 10 inches long, jujenum 8 feet long, ileum 12 feet long
55
where is digestion completed?
pancreas and liver
56
villa
nutrients in chyme absorbed through finger like projections
57
lymphatic system and digestion
nutrients enter the blood steam and lymphatic system for distribution to rest of body
58
ileocecal valve where purpose
Where: terminal end of small intestine, Purpose: allows undigested or unabsorbed material from small intestine to pass into large intestine and eventually excreted from the body
59
**large intestine** ## Footnote size; where; purpose 3 components
5 feet long, end of ileum to anus, no digestion, only mucus secretion in colon with lubricants for fecal matter, 3 components, cecum, colon rectum
60
cecum
part of large intestine, 2-3 inches, small pouch that hangs inferior to ileocecal valve
61
appendix
hangs down from cecum, wormlike structure with no function
62
appendicitis
inflammed appendix when infected or blocked
63
appendectomy
removal of appendix
64
function of colon
absorb water and minerals, eliminate undigested materials, divided into: _ascending_, _transverse_, _descending_ and _sigmoid_
65
ascending colon
cecum to lower border of the liver and turns abruptly **to form hepatic flexure**
66
transverse colon
colon across abdomen to left side, curvse beneath the lower end fo the spleen to **form splenic flexure**
67
hepatic flexure
cecum to lower border of the liver and turns abruptly to **form hepatic flexure**
68
splenic flexure
colon across abdomen to left side, curves beneath the lower end fo the spleen to **form splenic flexure**
69
descending colon
transverse colon turns downward, continues until it forms sigmoid colon and the rectum
70
rectum
last part of colon and ends at anus
71
liver
largest glandular organ, weighs 3-4 lbs, beneath diaphragm in RUQ and LUQ of abdominal cavity
72
liver functions
bile - aids **digestion** of fat, glucose - from the blood to **synthesize glygogen** (starch) and retain it for later use, **store vitamins** b12, A, D,E, K, **destroy toxic** products, maintain **normal glucose** levels in the blood, **destroy erythrocytes,** **release bilirubin,** sythesize **proteins** that circulate in the blood such as albumin for fluid balance and prothrombin and fibrinogen **for blood circulation**
73
pancreas
elongated, flat organ lies posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach
74
pancreas function
endocrine gland, pancrease secretes **insulin** directly into blood to control **glucose levels,** exocrine gland produces **digestive enzymes** that pass into duodenum through pancreatic duct
75
pancreatic duct
extends along the pancreas and with hepatic duct from the liver enters the duodenum
76
pancreatic enzymes
trypsin, amylase
77
trypsin
digests proteins
78
amylase
digests starch
79
lipase
digests triglycerides
80
gallbladder
sac-like structure on inferior surface of the liver, serves as storage area for bile which is produced by the liver
81
common bile duct
gallbladder releases bile through common bile duct
82
right hepatic duct/ left hepatic duct
bile drains from liver through the ducts, two ducts become one duct called **hepatic duct**
83
cystic duct
gallbladder emerges with the hepatic duct to form common bile duct which leads into common bile duct, which leads into duodenum
84

WB Med. Term (23 decks)

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