chapter 7 Respiratory System - AP Flashcards
respiratory system is responsible for
oxygen,
carbon dioxide
oxygen O2
carried to all cells in exchange for CO2,
tasteless odorless gas
essential for all respiration
carbon dioxide
CO2
waste product,
tasteless, colorless odorless gas
produced by body cells during metabolism
breathing ventilation
lungs and airways transport O2 rich air from atmosphere,
to the lungs
and carry co2 waste to atmosphere
pH
acidity/alkalinity in the blood symbol that indicates the
degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance ,
number less than 7 or greater than 7
homeostatis
stable internal environment
cartilage
tough elastic connective tissue that is
more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone
cilia
minute, hairlike structures that extend from surface of the cell
cilia escalator
cilia move particles upward to the pharynx,
smoking destroys the escalator
diffuse
to move or spread out a substance at random
rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces
serous membrane
the layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist also called serosa
nasal cavity
air drawn in to nasal cavity
lined into mucus membranes and tiny hairs called cilia,
air is filtered, heated, moistened
nasal septum
divided into right and left side by a vertical partition of cartilage
Olfactory neurons
Receptors for sense of smell,
Covered with a layer of mucus,
located deep in nasal cavity,
embedded among the epithelial cells lining the nasal tract
pharynx
3 sections
Muscular tube has three sections
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
where?
Posterior to the nose
Oropharynx
where?
posterior to the mouth
laryngopharynx
where?
this one is different
superior to the larynx
adenoids
what are they?
where are they?
what are they made of?
Pharyngeal tonsils,
in nasal pharynx,
collection of lymphoid tissues
Palitine tonsils
aka
where
purpose
Known as tonsils,
located in oral pharynx,
protect the opening to the respiratory tract from micro organisms that may attempt to enter by this route
Larynx
what?
what does it look like
where
Structures that make vocal sounds,
leaf shaped structure
on top of larynx
Epiglottis
what?
where?
purpose?
leaf shaped structure
on top of larynx
Seals off the air passage to the lungs during swallowing, ensures food or liquids do not obstruct flow of air to lungs
Trachea
what
made of
why
Wind pipe,
smooth muscle embedded with C shaped rings of cartilage which provide rigidity to keep air passage open
Bronchi
Trachea divides into two branches call bronchi,
one leads to right lung, one to left lung
mucus membrane
what is it
what else does it have
what does it do
inner walls of bronchi,
lined with cilia,
traps incoming particles,
cilia move trapped material to pharynx
where it is expelled by coughing, sneezing, swallowing
alveoli
alveolus, tiny air sacs,
like a balloon, expands and contracts with inflow and outflow
pulmonary capillaries
where are they?
what happens?
next to alveoli,
CO2 diffuses from blood within the pulmonary capillaries and enters the alveolar spaces
and o2 from alveoli diffuses into blood
lobes of the lungs
how many?
Right lung=3 lobes,
Left lung = 2
mediastinum
what is it?
what does it contain?
space bw left and right lung,
contains
heart,
aorta,
esophagus,
bronchi
pleura
where is it?
what is it made of
covers the lungs,
serous membrane,
folds over walls of thoracic cavity
visceral pleura
membrane closest to the lung
pleural cavity
what is it
what does it have
why does it have it
space between two visceral and parietal pleaura
small amount of lubricating fluid,
allows visceral pleura to glide smoothly over the parietal pleura during breathing
parietal pleura
membrane lines the thoracic cavity,
what does ventilation depend on
pressure bw atmosphere and chest cavity
diaphragm
large muscular partition bw chest and abdominal cavity,
changes the of the thoracic cavity to produce the needed pressure differential for ventilation
inspiration
diaphragm contracts and decends into the abd cavity
decreasing pressure within the chest
and drawing air into lungs
expiration
pressure increases
and air leaves the lungs when diaphragm relaxes and reenters thoracic cavity
intercostal muscles
job
how
how
assist the diaphragm
by changing volume of thoracic cavity
by elevating and lowering the rib cage
pulmonary respiration
process by which o2 is taken from the air
and carried to the body cells for their use
and CO2 and water, the waste products
are carried to the lungs and returned to the environment
respirations
4 processes
pulmonary ventilation breathing,
external respiration,
transport of respiratory gases,
internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation
What: breathing,
involuntary action
what: that moves air into and out of lungs
why? in response to changes in blood o2 and co2 levels
and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm
and intercostal muscles
external respiration
what
where
exchange of o2 and co2
between the alveoli and the blood
in the pulmonary capillaries
external=exchange
transport of respiratory gases
movement of o2 to the body cells
and co2 to the lungs
by means of the cardiovascular system
o2 to cells
co2 to lungs
through CV
internal respiration
exchange of o2 and co2
between the body cells
and the blood in the systemic capillaries
exchange gases inside, cells, capillaries
