chapter 7 Respiratory System - diseases Flashcards
thoracodynia
chest pain
respiratory disorder
signs and symptoms
dry or productive cough,
chest pain,
altered breathing patterns,
SOB,
cyanosis,
fever
and exercise intolerance
may begin as acute but become chronic over time
pulmonology
concerned with disorders of the respiratory system, pulmonologist
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
chronic partial obstruction of air passages
dyspnea
difficulty breathing,
part of COPD,
limited airflow in and out of lungs
when is COPD diagnosed
after pt has lost some lung capacity,
can have it without knowing it
3 common disorders of COPD
asthma,
chronic bronchitis,
emphysema
a, b, e
asthma
produces:
results in:
caused by
overtime
produces bronchospasms
may be sudden and violent (paroxysmal)
causing dyspnea,
cause; allergies, irritants, cold, stress, exercise, coughing produces mucus,
overtime epithelium of bronchial passage thickens, breathing is more difficult, and flair ups happen more often
bronchospasms
spasms in the bronchial passage way.
may be paroxysmal - violent and sudden
paroxysmal
sudden and violent bronchospasm
productive cough
mucus
exacerbations
flare ups of disease
mucolytics
agents to break down mucus
bronchodilators
agent to expand the bronchi by relaxing smooth muscle
status asthmaticus
life threatening bronchospasm
stages of COPD
- at risk, mild,
- moderate,
- severe,
- very severe
COPD at risk level
minor diff with airflow,
presence of cough with sputum,
maybe unaware of disease
COPD 2. Moderate level
limitation with airflow,
poss SOB,
seek medical attention
COPD 3. severe
inadequate airflow,
increase SOB with activity,
diminish quality of life
COPD 4. very severe
severe airflow limitations,
sig impair qual of life,
poss life-threatening,
pos dev of complications such as resp or heart failure
Chronic Bronchitis
what
caused by
characterized by
tx
inflammation of the bronchi
smoking
air pollution,
virus and bacteria can cause,
characterized by swelling of mucosa and heavy productive cough accomp with chest pain,
seek med help when intolerance, wheezing, SOB, TX=bronchodilators and expectorants, sometimes steroids
expectorants
agents aid in the removal of mucus
emphysema
what
who
decreased elasticity of alveoli,
alveoli expand( dilate) but can’t contract to usual size making it dif to exhale,
usually with asthma, TB, or chronic bronchitis, long-term heavy smokers
barrel chested
why
who
from emphysema,
air is not exhaled
orthopnea and emphysema
easier to breath sitting or standing
pneumonia
what
where
cause
inflammatory condition affecting the lungs, esp alveoli,
fluids collect in the alveoli and lung tissue is spongy, swollen, engorged (consolidation),
exchange of air diff,
viral, bacterial, inhaled substances
consolodation
wet, engorged lung tissue
aspiration pneumonias
inhale food, vomitus, liquids causing pneumonia
lobar pneumonia
cause
where
who gets it
tx
bacterial
affects large portion of lobe,
usually in young healthy adults,
is primay pneumonia,
needs antibiotics
bronchopneumonia
what
where
who
type
cause; wider variety of organisms
and is centered in bronchi and surrounding alveoli,
in infants and elderly,
and suffering other diseases, like cancer, heart fail, immune disorders,
is secondary pneumonia
pneumocytis pneumonia (PCP)
who
why
type of pneumonia assoc with AIDS,
org in people (flora) but is opportunistic in immune compromised
mucopurulent sputum
sputum with white blood cells
common signs of pneumonia
thoracodynia,
dyspnea,
hemotysis,
coughing up sputum containing white blood cells and mucopurulent sputum
chest pain, breathing pain, spit blood, spit sputum
acute respiratory distress syndrome
ARDS,
lungs no longer function effectively,
threatening life of pt,
usually result of serious lung cond,
such as trauma,
severe pneumonia,
other systemic infections
or sepsis
causes of ARDS
alveoli fill with fluid
caused by inflammation and collapse making o2 exchange impossible.
usually need mechanical ventilation
NRDS
what
who
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome,
form of ARDS
in preterm infants or
infants born to diabetic mohters,
NRDS causes
insufficient surfactant,
the alveioli collapse
and breathing becomes labored
SS of NRDS
cyoanosis of the extremities,
flaring of the nostrils,
rapid breathing,
characteristic grunt
blue nose fast grunt
surfactant
phospholipid substance that helps keep alveoli open
nares
flaring of the nostrils
nare/flare/
nare nose flare
hyaline membrane
ground-glass appearance on xray
nrds
alveolar consolidation
fluid in the alveoli
HMD
hyaline membrane disease,
nrds
bronchogenic carcinoma
aka
what
cause
tx
lung disease,
malignancy of the epithelium of the bronchial tree,
masses block air passageways and alveoli,
spread and metstasize to other areas,
like lymph nodes, liver, bones, brain, kidneys,
smoking causes most lung cancers,
tx depends on stages, prognosis generally poor
abnormal breath sounds
abnormal sounds or noises heard over the lungs or airways commonly leading to a dx of respiratory or cardiac condition;
also called adventitious breath sounds
adventitious breath sounds
abnormal sounds or noises heard over the lungs or airways commonly leading to a dx of respiratory or cardiac condition
crackle or rale
intermittent sounds
caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia,
or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli;
also called rale
excudate=a mass of cells and fluid that has seeped out of blood vessels or an organ, especially in inflammation.
hyperplasia = the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by
rhoncus
continuous sounds heard during inspiration and expiration
caused by secretions in the larger airways
commonly resembling snoring
stridor
high-pitched harsh sound
caused by the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused byor swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway (may be lifethreatening)
wheeze
whistling or sighing
results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway
(asthma, hayfever, obstructive emphysema)
acidosis
excessive acidity of body fluids,
resp acidosis is assoc with pulmonary insufficiency and subsequent retention of CO2
anosmia
absence of the sense of smell
apnea
disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep, resulting in blood deoxygenation,
causing the pt to awaken gasping for air
aka sleep apnea
Central CSA
central sleep apnea
a form of sleep apnea
occurs when the brain fails to stimulate breathing muscles, causing brief pauses in breathing (cheyne-stokes type of apnea)
brain-breathing
Obstructive OSA
most common form of sleep apena
caused by upper airway blockage
that prevents an adequate flow of the air to the lungs
blockage in airway
mixed apnea
type of sleep apnea
occurs when central sleep apnea and obstructive apnea occur simultaneously
brain breathing and airway obstructed
atelectasis
collapsed or airless state of the lung,
which may be acute or chronic and affects all or part of a lung
(complication of some surgical procedures like the chest)
incomplete dilation or expansion of the lung
coryza
acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose;
also called rhinitis
croup
common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchial passages
and sometimes involving the lungs
cystic fibrosis
life-threatening genetic disease
causing mucus to become unusually thick and sticky, plugging tubes and ducts,
especially in the lungs and pancreas
epiglottitis
what
why
who
S/S
severe life-threatening
infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures
most commonly in children bw ages 2-12,
fever dyspagia, inspiratory strider, severe resp distress
epitaxis
nasal hemorrhage, also called nosebleed
hypoxemia
oxygen deficiency in arterial blood,
which is usually a sign of respiratory impairment and comonly causes hypoxia
hypoxiA
oxygen deficiency in the body or a region of the body
commonly causes cyanosis
influenza
acute contagious viral disorder of the resp. tract
charact by weakness, fever, chills, muscle pain, esp in back, arms, legs (flu)
pertussis
acute infectious disease
cough has a characteristic whoop sound
aka whooping cough
pleural effusion
abnormal accumulation of fluid
in the pleural cavity that
impairs breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs
empyema or pyothorax
exudative effusion
collection of pus in the pleural cavity,
bacterial pneumonia that spread from the lungs
pyo=pus
thorax = chest
pneumothorax
presence of air in the pleural cavity,
caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury
or throracic surgery -
causes partial or complete collapse of the lung (atelectasis)
pleurisy
inflammation of the plueral membrane
stabbing pain
that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing;
also called pleuritis
pulmonary edema
accumulatation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli,
most commonly caused by heart failure
pulmonary embolism
blockage in an artery of the lungs
caused by a mass of undissolved matter
such as a blood clot,
air bubbles and bacteria that has traveled to the lungs from another part of the body
embol-
plug
sudden infant death syndrome
SIDS,
completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant,
usually less than 12 months
aka crib death
TB
tuberculosis
