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NUT1010 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Sphincters

A

allow small quantities to pass at one time

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2
Q

upper esophageal sphincter

A

between pharynx and esophagus

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3
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

between esophagus and stomach

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4
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

between stomach and small intestine

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5
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

between small and large intestine

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6
Q

Chewing

A

moistening and digestion of food begins.
tongue- taste and move food
teeth- tear food into smaller pieces (mastication)
Salivary glands- release saliva (mainly water, helps moisten food, amylase begin to break down starch)

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7
Q

Swallowing

A

voluntary aspects:
- food/liquid is chewed and formed into bolus; propulsion of the bolus by the tongue
involuntary:
- pharyngeal swallow; carrying of the bolus along the esophagus through the process of peristalsis

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8
Q

functions of the stomach

A
  • mixes and stores ingested food
  • gastric secretions help dissolve and break food particles
  • pyloric valve/sphincter helps control passage of food into small intestine
  • food is no longer a bolus- called chyme
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9
Q

components of gastric juice

A

gastrin- stimulates HCI secretion
hydrochloric acid- creates acidic environment, kills microbes in foods
pepsin & trypsin- aid in protein digestion
Gastric lipases- aids in some small fat digestion
intrinsic factor- helps absorb vitamin B12
mucus- protects the stomach lining from acid, enzymes and bacteria

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10
Q

small intestine

A
  • 6 M long
  • absorb nutrients through villi that move substances into the blood stream.
    1st section: Duodenum- entering chyme triggers hormone signals that stimulate release of digestive enzymes
    2nd section: Jejunum- most digestion & nutrient absorption occurs here
    3rd section: Ileum
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11
Q

fat digestion

A

requires pancreatic and intestinal lipases to break down large fat to smaller units.
also requires bile to emulsify fats:
- bile is made by the liver but stores and released by gallbladder in the duodenum

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12
Q

carbohydrate and protein digestion

A

enzymes released by stomach, intestinal lining & pancreas into the stomach & small intestine

  • carbohydrase (e.g. amylase) to digest carbohydrates
  • proteases (e.g. trypsin) to digest proteins
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13
Q

Segmentation

A

– Smooth muscle rings repeatedly contract and relax
– Mixes and fragments chyme with digestive juices
– Brings contents into close contact with absorbing cells

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14
Q

Water-soluble nutrients & small fats

A

– routed to the liver, then transported by the blood to the cells (blood circulatory system)

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15
Q

Fat-soluble nutrients and larger fats

A

– enter into the lymph(lymphatic system), bypassing the liver at first, then enter the blood circulatory system

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16
Q

Major enzymes- carbohydrates

A

salivary amylase:
Released by- saliva glands
active in- mouth and stomach
breaks down- polysaccharides to di- and oligosaccharides

Pancreatic amylase:
released by- pancreas
active in- small intestine
breaks down- polysaccharides to di- and monosaccharides

Disacharidases:
released by- intestinal lining
active in- small intestine
breaks down - into monosaccharides

17
Q

Major enzymes- digesting proteins

A

pepsin:
released by- stomach lining
active in- stomach
breaks down proteins- into protein fragments

trypsin and chymotrypsin:
released by- pancreas
active in-small intestine
breaks down- proteins into proteins fragments

18
Q

major enzyme- fats

A

lipases :
released by- pancreas
active in- small intestine
breaks down- triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

19
Q

how are water and small lipids absorbed into intestinal cells

A

simple/passive diffusion- freely

20
Q

how are water soluble vitamins absorbed through intestinal cells

A

facilitated diffusion-need a specific carrier to transport them

21
Q

how are glucose and amino acids absorbed

A

active transport- requires energy

22
Q

Large intestine

A 
Anything not absorbed in the small intestine moves into the large intestine, formation of faeces 
Divided into:
-Caecum
-Colon
-Rectum
23
Q

Hormones

A

Gastrin ( responds to food in the stomach- stimulates stomach glands so HCI is secreted into the stomach)

Secretin (responds to acidic chyme in small intestine- stimulates pancreas to release
juices to neutralize chyme

Cholecystokinin (responds to fat or protein in small intestine-

23
Q

Hormones

A

Gastrin ( responds to food in the stomach- stimulates stomach glands so HCI is secreted into the stomach)

Secretin (responds to acidic chyme in small intestine- stimulates pancreas to release
juices to neutralize chyme)

Cholecystokinin (responds to fat or protein in small intestine- stimulates gallbladder to secrete bile into duodenum; pancreas to release bicarbonate and enzyme rich juices into small intestine)

Ghrelin (responds to hunger- stimulates brain so you at)

24
Q

mastication

A

the act of chewing

NUT1010 (9 decks)

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