Digestive system

Question 1

Six major activities

Answer 1

1. Digestion (mechanical and chemical)
2. Secretion-Digestive organs contain both endocrine and exocrine glands that secrete variety of substances
3. Absorption
4. Defecation
5. Fluid, electrolyte, and acid base homeostasis
6. Ingesting vitamins and minerals, producing
   hormones, and excreting metabolic wastes

Question 2

Digestive system

Answer 2

– set of organs that breaks down food items into nutrients that can be
delivered by bloodstream to cells in body

Question 3

Digestive system consists of two types of organs

Answer 3

1) organs of alimentary canal (gastrointestinal
(GI) tract or digestive tract)
-oral cavity (mouth), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

2) accessory organs
- assist in digestion
- teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Question 4

Proctology

Answer 4

a branch of medicine dealing with the structure and diseases of the
anus, rectum, and sigmoid colon

Question 5

peritoneum

Answer 5

LARGEST SEROUS

MEMBRANE of the body

Question 6

The peritoneal membrane consists of 2 layers

Answer 6

The outer layer is parietal peritoneum
The visceral peritoneum or serosa (lines the abdominal
organs)

space between - the peritoneal cavity that
contains lubricating serous fluid

Question 7

Peritoneal Folds

Answer 7

mesenteries

Question 8

mesenteries

Answer 8

keeps organ, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves together and in place

Question 9

Types of Peritoneal Folds

Answer 9

-Greater omentum - the largest - large quantities of adipose
tissue and lymph nodes
-Falciform ligament (liver, anterior abdomen and diaphragm)
-Lesser omentum (stomach and duodenum)
-Mesentery (jejunum and ileum)

Question 10

Most regions of alimentary canal contain four layers:

Answer 10

1- mucosa
2- submucosa
3- muscularis externa
4- serosa

Question 11

Tissue of the mucosa

Answer 11

Inner epithelium

Question 12

Tissue of the submucosa

Answer 12

connective tissue

Question 13

muscularis externa

Answer 13

smooth muscle

Question 14

Tissue of serosa

Answer 14

Connective tissue

Question 15

The mouth is formed by

Answer 15

Formed by
- Superior and inferior lips
- Cheeks internally lined by a mucous
membrane
- Hard palate, forms the roof (palate) of the
mouth and separates the nasal cavity
- Soft palate, forms the posterior portion of
the roof of the mouth
- Tongue

Question 16

Three pairs of salivary glands

Answer 16

1 Parotid glands
2 Submandibular glands
3 Sublingual glands

Question 17

Saliva is 99.5% water and 0.5% solutes that

include:

Answer 17

1 bacteriolytic lysozyme
2 salivary amylase, which initiates starch
digestion
3 lingual lipase - initiates triglyceride digestion
in the stomach

Question 18

Stomach has 4 anatomical regions

Answer 18

1 Cardia – region where esophagus empties into stomach
receives bolus when gastroesophageal sphincter relaxes
2 Fundus – dome-shaped top of stomach
3 Body – largest portion of stomach
4 Pyloric antrum – inferior portion of stomach

Question 19

Functions of the stomach

Answer 19

• mixing food and holding reservoir
• the digestion of starch,
• digestion of proteins and triglycerides, the semisolid bolus (chyme) is converted to a liquid
• some absorption

Question 20

Major functions of the liver and gallbladder

Answer 20

 Emulsification and absorption
 Carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism
 Processing of drugs and hormones
 Synthesis of bile salts and bile storage
 Storage of glycogen, certain vitamins, and some minerals