Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systemic Pathology 2018 > Digestive Pathology > Flashcards

Digestive Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental diseases of the oral cavity

A

Cleft palate
Prognathism
Brachygnathism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define cleft palate

A

Developmental abnormalities due to delayed development and fusion of the palatine arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Etiologies of cleft palate

A

Genetic or toxic (plants, steroids during pregnancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Common complication of cleft palate

A

Aspiration pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define prognathia or bradygnathia

A

Growth abnormalities resulting in long or short jaw, respectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Etiologies of pro/bradygnathia

A

Genetic
Calcium deficiency
Chondrodysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Possible consequences/problems associated with pro/bradygnathia

A

Malocclusion and tooth growth/wear abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vesicular stomatitis/esophagitis causes

A

Viral (usually)

Thermal, toxic (rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What viruses can induce vesicular stomatitis/esophagitis?

A

FMD (picornavirus)
Vesicular exanthema (calicivirus)
Vesicular stomatitis (rhabdovirus)
Swine vesicular disease (enterovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The lesions associated with vesicular stomatitis/esophagitis are ___ lived. How do they progress?

A

Short-lived

Progress rapidly to erosions/ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Erosive/ulcerative stomatitis causes

A

Viral
Toxic
Uremia
Immune mediated - pemphigus, SLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What viruses can induce erosive/ulcerative stomatitis?

A

Calicivrius
BVDV
Bluetongue virus
Feline herpesvirus, rhinotracheitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Proliferative stomatits/esophagitis causes

A

Parapox virus:

  • Bovine papular stomatitis
  • Contagious ecthyma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Necrotizing stomatitis causes

A

Bacteria
Infarctive
Banamine toxicosis?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What bacteria can induce necrotizing stomatitis?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Actinobacillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Other inflammatory lesions of the oral cavity?

A

Granulomatous

Pseudomembranous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are granulomatous inflammatory lesions of the oral cavity normally associated with?

A

Deep bacterial infections, fungal infections

- Actinobacillus, cryptococcus, aspergillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neoplastic diseases of the oral cavity

A 
Periodontal fibromatous epulis
Acanthomatous ameloblastoma
SCC
Melanoma
Fibrosarcoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Periodontal fibromatous epulis location, histologic features

A

Location: anywhere on gingiva
HF: periodontal ligament, odontogenic epithelium, variable matrix of bone, dentin or cementum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Periodontal fibromatous epulis behavior if left untreated

A

Expansile, non-invasive - excision usually curative

Best one to have!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Acanthomatous ameloblastoma location, histologic features

A

Location: anywhere on gingiva
HF: interconnecting, invasive sheets of odontogenic epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Acanthomatous ameloblastoma behavior if left untreated

A

Invasive to bone, no metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which oral neoplastic disease is most likely to metastasize?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (especially tonsillar in dogs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Gross features of squamous cell carcinoma

A

Nodular, firm, often ulcerated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma behavior if left untreated in cats vs dogs

A

Cats: locally invasive and mass producing, destructive to bone, 15% met to local nodes
Dogs: tonsillar mets to LN and distant sites, others are locally invasive, less likely to met

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Most common oral tumor tumor in cats

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Melanoma location and behavior if left untreated

A

Location: gingiva, lips most common
Behavior: met to regional LN and distant sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Fibrosarcoma location and behavior if left untreated

A

Location: gingiva, hard/soft palate, lip tongue
Behavior: local infiltration and tissue destruction, met to local LN (20%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the 4 pathologic processes associated with the esophagus?

A

Inflammatory disease
Megaesophagus
Impaction/obstruction
Neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Esophageal inflammation is generally comparable to inflammation in the oral cavity due to infectious agents. What is the exception?

A

Reflux esophagitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Megaesophagus is due to ….

A

Insufficient or uncoordinated peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a consequence of esophageal obstruction/impaction in a horse?

A

Long-term can cause necrosis of the esophageal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What types of neoplasms are common in the esophagus?

A

Papilloma
Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma
Squamous cell carcinoma (rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the 3 pathologic processes associated with the rumen/reticulum/omasum?

A

Infectious inflammatory disease
Chemical rumenitis
Bloat/tympany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Infectious rumenitis/omasitis/reticulitis can be morphologically classified as…

A 
Erosive/ulcerative
Proliferative
Necrotizing
Pseudomembranous
Granulomatous
36
Q

Morphologic classification of mycotic omasitis?

A

Acute multifocal necrotizing and hemorrhagic omasitis

37
Q

Chemical rumenitis is a(n) ____ disease due to ___ ___.

A

Inflammatory; lactic acidosis

38
Q

Lactic acidosis etiology and chronic complications

A

CHO overload - devitalizes rumen flora

Complications: scars, mycotic infection, bacterial infection (hepatitis via portal vein)

39
Q

What are the 4 pathologic processes associated with the stomach/abomasum?

A

Ulcers
Inflammatory disease
Rupture
Neoplasia

40
Q

Conditions associated with stomach/abomasal ulcers

A 
Trauma/chemical injury
High acidity
Local ischemia
Helicobacter spp.
Parasites
Neoplastic disease: MCT and gastrin-prod tumors
41
Q

Location varies depending on species. Where to stomach/abomasal ulcerations usually occur in horses, dogs/cats, pigs and cattle?

A 
Horses = squamous part, along MP
Cats/dogs = fundus d/t parietal cell density
Pigs = pars esophageal (squamous/NG) - cardia region
Cattle = anywhere
42
Q

Conditions associated with abomasal ulcers in cattle?

A

Calving & early lactation in dairy cows
Rapidly growing calves fed 2X daily
Calves, cows/bulls treated with NSAIDs

43
Q

Complications of abomasal ulcers in cattle

A

Fatal hemorrhage, chronic hemorrhage, perforation, peritonitis

44
Q

Gastritis/abomasitis etiology

A

Infectious or toxic

45
Q

Infectious causes of gastritis/abomasitis

A

Clostridial
Fungal
Parasitic
Helicobacter spp.

46
Q

Why is gastric rupture more common in horses? If rupture caused death, what will you find?

A

Can’t vomit but produce reflux

Hemorrhage along ruptured border

47
Q

Common neoplasms of the stomach/abomasum

A

Adenocarcinoma
Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma/GIST
Lymphoma
Squamous cell carcinoma - horse

48
Q

Most common malignant tumor of horse stomach? Signalment? Prognosis?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Geriatric
Generally poor - usually already MET by the time dx

49
Q

Causes of GI obstruction (8)

A 
Gastric/abomasal volvulus
Intestinal volvulus/torsion
Intestinal external herniation
Intestinal internal herniation/entrapment
Intussusception
Intestinal stenosis/atresia
Intestinal stricture
Enteroliths and impactions
50
Q

What is a volvulus?

A

Twist of the stomach/intestine on self and mesentery

51
Q

What are the consequences of gastric/abomasal volvulus?

A

Obstruction of lumen

Obstruction of vascular supply and hemorrhagic infarction

52
Q

Torsion vs volvulus

A 
Torsion = twist around the long axis of the intestinal segment (cecum)
Volvulus = twist in axis outside the long axis of the organ, involving the mesentery (GI)
53
Q

Examples of internal intestinal herniation

A

Through epiploic foramen
Mesenteric rent
Strangulating lipoma?

54
Q

Name the enveloping/receiving and telescoping parts of the intussusception

A 
Enveloping = intussuscepiens
Telescoping = intussusceptum
55
Q

Intussusception predisposing factors

A

Enteritis/altered motility
Intestinal FB
Intestinal polyp/neoplasm

56
Q

Intestinal stenosis vs atresia

A 
Stenosis = narrowing d/t fibrosis
Atresia = congenital malformation leading to obstruction
57
Q

Types of intestinal atresia

A

Membrane = attached via membrane only
Cord = only small cord-like membrane attachment
Blind end = no connection

58
Q

Causes of vascular intestinal obstruction - name the associated species and etiology

A

Thrombosis/thromboembolism/infarction = horses with strongyloids
Intestinal lymphangectasia = dogs with maldigestion and PLE

59
Q

Which segment of the intestine has villi and microvilli?

A

SI

60
Q

Source of stem cell renewal in the intestines

A

Crypts

61
Q

What viruses/fungal agents affect intestinal crypts (loss of normal crypt density)?

A 
Parvovirus
BVD
Rinderpest
Mycotoxins 
They cause systemic infection***
62
Q

Aside from destruction of intestinal crypts, what other findings might you expect to see with parvovirus?

A

Thymic atrophy

Necrosis of Peyer’s patches

63
Q

BVD hallmark finding

A

Necrosis of Peyer’s patches and crypt epithelial cells

64
Q

What viruses/parasites wipe out villous tips?

A

Rotavirus - replication
Coronavirus - replication
Cryptosporidium - attach/replication
Localized infections only***

65
Q

What are some consequences of villous infection?

A

Villi collapse, crypts increase in #, hyper secretion and leakage, villous atrophy

66
Q

Mechanisms of enterocolitis/diarrhea

A
  1. Maldigestion/malabsorption = osmotic (villous atrophy)
  2. Secretory mechanisms = Cl secretion (crypt infectious agents)
  3. Increased permeability (mucosal epithelial damage)
67
Q

Morphologic classification of enterocolitis according to exudate

A 
Necrotizing
Fibrinonecrotic
Hemorrhagic 
Proliferative
Granulomatous
68
Q

Necrotizing enterocolitis resulting in villous atrophy etiologies

A

Viral
Protozoal
(Bacteria less common)

69
Q

Known causes of infectious diarrheal disease in CALVES with villous atrophy

A 
Coronavirus (TGE)
Rotavirus
Cryptosporidia
Enteric calicivirus
Norovirus
Enteric syncytial virus - rota group B
Parvovirus
Astrovirus
Some E. coli
70
Q

Fibrinous/fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis etiology

A

Enteric salmonellosis = classic fibrinonecrotic lesions, fibrin casts

71
Q

Pathogenic mechanisms for enteric salmonellosis

A

Attach to M cells, enterocytes, goblet cells
Survive in phagosome
Toxins induce necrosis - entero, ando, vero
Upregulate chloride secretion via prostaglandin

72
Q

What are the three forms of enteric salmonellosis?

A

Peracute septicemia
Acute enteric salmonellosis
Chronic enteric salmonellosis

73
Q

Peracute septicemia due to salmonella is characterized by ___ and ____

A

Vasculitis

Thrombosis

74
Q

Acute enteric salmonellosis characterized by ___ and ____

A

Enterocolitis

Septicemia - hepatocellular necrosis, lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, fibrinous cholecystitis

75
Q

Chronic enteric salmonellosis is characterized by ___, ____, and ____ in pigs

A

Enterocolitis
Thrombosis
Rectal strictures

76
Q

All that is fibrinonecrotic is not salmonellosis. Other etiologies?

A

Enterotoxogenic e. coli
Clostridium dificile
Lawsonia intracellularis*

77
Q

What bacteria causes colitis, but no SI lesions or enteritis in swine?

A

Brachyspira hyodyenteriae = swine dysentery

78
Q

Hemorrhagic enterocolitis etiologies

A

Clostridial perfringens type C, otter clostridia
Shigellosis in primates
Lawsonia intracellularis
Coccidiosis

79
Q

Proliferative/hyperplastic enterocolitis etiologies

A

Lawsonia intracellularis*

Coccidiosis

80
Q

Granulomatous enterocolitis etiologies

A 
Mycobacterial infection (Johne's)*
Histoplasmosis (other deep mycoses)
Less well define entities
81
Q

Intestinal neoplasms

A

Lymphoma
Epithelial tumors - adenomas, adenocarcinomas
Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma/GIST
Carcinoid

82
Q

Most common type of intestinal cancer in cat

A

Lymphoma

83
Q

Location of intestinal adenocarcinoma in cats vs dogs

A

Cats: SI
Dogs: SI mostly, colon/rectum

84
Q

Gross features of cat intestinal adenocarcinoma

A

Almost always annular and constrictive/obstructive

85
Q

Gross features of dog intestinal adenocarcinoma

A

Almost always annular and constrictive (SI), plaque like or ulcerated, may be partially polypoid in colon/rectum

86
Q

What breeds are predisposed to intestinal adenocarcinomas?

A

GSD, collies, siamese cats

87
Q

Behavior of intestinal adenocarcinomas if left undetected/treated

A

Usually spread to local nodes and implant through peritoneum, and liver (dog)

Systemic Pathology 2018 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions