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Systemic Pathology 2018 > Digestive Pathology > Flashcards

Digestive Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental diseases of the oral cavity

A

Cleft palate
Prognathism
Brachygnathism

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2
Q

Define cleft palate

A

Developmental abnormalities due to delayed development and fusion of the palatine arches

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3
Q

Etiologies of cleft palate

A

Genetic or toxic (plants, steroids during pregnancy)

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4
Q

Common complication of cleft palate

A

Aspiration pneumonia

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5
Q

Define prognathia or bradygnathia

A

Growth abnormalities resulting in long or short jaw, respectively

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6
Q

Etiologies of pro/bradygnathia

A

Genetic
Calcium deficiency
Chondrodysplasia

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7
Q

Possible consequences/problems associated with pro/bradygnathia

A

Malocclusion and tooth growth/wear abnormalities

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8
Q

Vesicular stomatitis/esophagitis causes

A

Viral (usually)

Thermal, toxic (rare)

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9
Q

What viruses can induce vesicular stomatitis/esophagitis?

A

FMD (picornavirus)
Vesicular exanthema (calicivirus)
Vesicular stomatitis (rhabdovirus)
Swine vesicular disease (enterovirus

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10
Q

The lesions associated with vesicular stomatitis/esophagitis are ___ lived. How do they progress?

A

Short-lived

Progress rapidly to erosions/ulcers

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11
Q

Erosive/ulcerative stomatitis causes

A

Viral
Toxic
Uremia
Immune mediated - pemphigus, SLE

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12
Q

What viruses can induce erosive/ulcerative stomatitis?

A

Calicivrius
BVDV
Bluetongue virus
Feline herpesvirus, rhinotracheitis

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13
Q

Proliferative stomatits/esophagitis causes

A

Parapox virus:

  • Bovine papular stomatitis
  • Contagious ecthyma
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14
Q

Necrotizing stomatitis causes

A

Bacteria
Infarctive
Banamine toxicosis?

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15
Q

What bacteria can induce necrotizing stomatitis?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Actinobacillus

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16
Q

Other inflammatory lesions of the oral cavity?

A

Granulomatous

Pseudomembranous

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17
Q

What are granulomatous inflammatory lesions of the oral cavity normally associated with?

A

Deep bacterial infections, fungal infections

- Actinobacillus, cryptococcus, aspergillus

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18
Q

Neoplastic diseases of the oral cavity

A 
Periodontal fibromatous epulis
Acanthomatous ameloblastoma
SCC
Melanoma
Fibrosarcoma
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19
Q

Periodontal fibromatous epulis location, histologic features

A

Location: anywhere on gingiva
HF: periodontal ligament, odontogenic epithelium, variable matrix of bone, dentin or cementum

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20
Q

Periodontal fibromatous epulis behavior if left untreated

A

Expansile, non-invasive - excision usually curative

Best one to have!

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21
Q

Acanthomatous ameloblastoma location, histologic features

A

Location: anywhere on gingiva
HF: interconnecting, invasive sheets of odontogenic epithelium

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22
Q

Acanthomatous ameloblastoma behavior if left untreated

A

Invasive to bone, no metastasis

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23
Q

Which oral neoplastic disease is most likely to metastasize?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (especially tonsillar in dogs)

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24
Q

Gross features of squamous cell carcinoma

A

Nodular, firm, often ulcerated

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25
Squamous cell carcinoma behavior if left untreated in cats vs dogs
Cats: locally invasive and mass producing, destructive to bone, 15% met to local nodes Dogs: tonsillar mets to LN and distant sites, others are locally invasive, less likely to met
26
Most common oral tumor tumor in cats
Squamous cell carcinoma
27
Melanoma location and behavior if left untreated
Location: gingiva, lips most common Behavior: met to regional LN and distant sites
28
Fibrosarcoma location and behavior if left untreated
Location: gingiva, hard/soft palate, lip tongue Behavior: local infiltration and tissue destruction, met to local LN (20%)
29
What are the 4 pathologic processes associated with the esophagus?
Inflammatory disease Megaesophagus Impaction/obstruction Neoplasia
30
Esophageal inflammation is generally comparable to inflammation in the oral cavity due to infectious agents. What is the exception?
Reflux esophagitis
31
Megaesophagus is due to ....
Insufficient or uncoordinated peristalsis
32
What is a consequence of esophageal obstruction/impaction in a horse?
Long-term can cause necrosis of the esophageal mucosa
33
What types of neoplasms are common in the esophagus?
Papilloma Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma Squamous cell carcinoma (rare)
34
What are the 3 pathologic processes associated with the rumen/reticulum/omasum?
Infectious inflammatory disease Chemical rumenitis Bloat/tympany
35
Infectious rumenitis/omasitis/reticulitis can be morphologically classified as...
``` Erosive/ulcerative Proliferative Necrotizing Pseudomembranous Granulomatous ```
36
Morphologic classification of mycotic omasitis?
Acute multifocal necrotizing and hemorrhagic omasitis
37
Chemical rumenitis is a(n) ____ disease due to ___ ___.
Inflammatory; lactic acidosis
38
Lactic acidosis etiology and chronic complications
CHO overload - devitalizes rumen flora | Complications: scars, mycotic infection, bacterial infection (hepatitis via portal vein)
39
What are the 4 pathologic processes associated with the stomach/abomasum?
Ulcers Inflammatory disease Rupture Neoplasia
40
Conditions associated with stomach/abomasal ulcers
``` Trauma/chemical injury High acidity Local ischemia Helicobacter spp. Parasites Neoplastic disease: MCT and gastrin-prod tumors ```
41
Location varies depending on species. Where to stomach/abomasal ulcerations usually occur in horses, dogs/cats, pigs and cattle?
``` Horses = squamous part, along MP Cats/dogs = fundus d/t parietal cell density Pigs = pars esophageal (squamous/NG) - cardia region Cattle = anywhere ```
42
Conditions associated with abomasal ulcers in cattle?
Calving & early lactation in dairy cows Rapidly growing calves fed 2X daily Calves, cows/bulls treated with NSAIDs
43
Complications of abomasal ulcers in cattle
Fatal hemorrhage, chronic hemorrhage, perforation, peritonitis
44
Gastritis/abomasitis etiology
Infectious or toxic
45
Infectious causes of gastritis/abomasitis
Clostridial Fungal Parasitic Helicobacter spp.
46
Why is gastric rupture more common in horses? If rupture caused death, what will you find?
Can't vomit but produce reflux | Hemorrhage along ruptured border
47
Common neoplasms of the stomach/abomasum
Adenocarcinoma Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma/GIST Lymphoma Squamous cell carcinoma - horse
48
Most common malignant tumor of horse stomach? Signalment? Prognosis?
Squamous cell carcinoma Geriatric Generally poor - usually already MET by the time dx
49
Causes of GI obstruction (8)
``` Gastric/abomasal volvulus Intestinal volvulus/torsion Intestinal external herniation Intestinal internal herniation/entrapment Intussusception Intestinal stenosis/atresia Intestinal stricture Enteroliths and impactions ```
50
What is a volvulus?
Twist of the stomach/intestine on self and mesentery
51
What are the consequences of gastric/abomasal volvulus?
Obstruction of lumen | Obstruction of vascular supply and hemorrhagic infarction
52
Torsion vs volvulus
``` Torsion = twist around the long axis of the intestinal segment (cecum) Volvulus = twist in axis outside the long axis of the organ, involving the mesentery (GI) ```
53
Examples of internal intestinal herniation
Through epiploic foramen Mesenteric rent Strangulating lipoma?
54
Name the enveloping/receiving and telescoping parts of the intussusception
``` Enveloping = intussuscepiens Telescoping = intussusceptum ```
55
Intussusception predisposing factors
Enteritis/altered motility Intestinal FB Intestinal polyp/neoplasm
56
Intestinal stenosis vs atresia
``` Stenosis = narrowing d/t fibrosis Atresia = congenital malformation leading to obstruction ```
57
Types of intestinal atresia
Membrane = attached via membrane only Cord = only small cord-like membrane attachment Blind end = no connection
58
Causes of vascular intestinal obstruction - name the associated species and etiology
Thrombosis/thromboembolism/infarction = horses with strongyloids Intestinal lymphangectasia = dogs with maldigestion and PLE
59
Which segment of the intestine has villi and microvilli?
SI
60
Source of stem cell renewal in the intestines
Crypts
61
What viruses/fungal agents affect intestinal crypts (loss of normal crypt density)?
``` Parvovirus BVD Rinderpest Mycotoxins They cause systemic infection*** ```
62
Aside from destruction of intestinal crypts, what other findings might you expect to see with parvovirus?
Thymic atrophy | Necrosis of Peyer's patches
63
BVD hallmark finding
Necrosis of Peyer's patches and crypt epithelial cells
64
What viruses/parasites wipe out villous tips?
Rotavirus - replication Coronavirus - replication Cryptosporidium - attach/replication Localized infections only***
65
What are some consequences of villous infection?
Villi collapse, crypts increase in #, hyper secretion and leakage, villous atrophy
66
Mechanisms of enterocolitis/diarrhea
1. Maldigestion/malabsorption = osmotic (villous atrophy) 2. Secretory mechanisms = Cl secretion (crypt infectious agents) 3. Increased permeability (mucosal epithelial damage)
67
Morphologic classification of enterocolitis according to exudate
``` Necrotizing Fibrinonecrotic Hemorrhagic Proliferative Granulomatous ```
68
Necrotizing enterocolitis resulting in villous atrophy etiologies
Viral Protozoal (Bacteria less common)
69
Known causes of infectious diarrheal disease in CALVES with villous atrophy
``` Coronavirus (TGE) Rotavirus Cryptosporidia Enteric calicivirus Norovirus Enteric syncytial virus - rota group B Parvovirus Astrovirus Some E. coli ```
70
Fibrinous/fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis etiology
Enteric salmonellosis = classic fibrinonecrotic lesions, fibrin casts
71
Pathogenic mechanisms for enteric salmonellosis
Attach to M cells, enterocytes, goblet cells Survive in phagosome Toxins induce necrosis - entero, ando, vero Upregulate chloride secretion via prostaglandin
72
What are the three forms of enteric salmonellosis?
Peracute septicemia Acute enteric salmonellosis Chronic enteric salmonellosis
73
Peracute septicemia due to salmonella is characterized by ___ and ____
Vasculitis | Thrombosis
74
Acute enteric salmonellosis characterized by ___ and ____
Enterocolitis | Septicemia - hepatocellular necrosis, lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, fibrinous cholecystitis
75
Chronic enteric salmonellosis is characterized by ___, ____, and ____ in pigs
Enterocolitis Thrombosis Rectal strictures
76
All that is fibrinonecrotic is not salmonellosis. Other etiologies?
Enterotoxogenic e. coli Clostridium dificile Lawsonia intracellularis*
77
What bacteria causes colitis, but no SI lesions or enteritis in swine?
Brachyspira hyodyenteriae = swine dysentery
78
Hemorrhagic enterocolitis etiologies
Clostridial perfringens type C, otter clostridia Shigellosis in primates Lawsonia intracellularis Coccidiosis
79
Proliferative/hyperplastic enterocolitis etiologies
Lawsonia intracellularis* | Coccidiosis
80
Granulomatous enterocolitis etiologies
``` Mycobacterial infection (Johne's)* Histoplasmosis (other deep mycoses) Less well define entities ```
81
Intestinal neoplasms
Lymphoma Epithelial tumors - adenomas, adenocarcinomas Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma/GIST Carcinoid
82
Most common type of intestinal cancer in cat
Lymphoma
83
Location of intestinal adenocarcinoma in cats vs dogs
Cats: SI Dogs: SI mostly, colon/rectum
84
Gross features of cat intestinal adenocarcinoma
Almost always annular and constrictive/obstructive
85
Gross features of dog intestinal adenocarcinoma
Almost always annular and constrictive (SI), plaque like or ulcerated, may be partially polypoid in colon/rectum
86
What breeds are predisposed to intestinal adenocarcinomas?
GSD, collies, siamese cats
87
Behavior of intestinal adenocarcinomas if left undetected/treated
Usually spread to local nodes and implant through peritoneum, and liver (dog)

Systemic Pathology 2018 (12 decks)

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