Digestive Glands

Question 1

3 major glands

Answer 1

salivary: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
exocrine pancreas
liver (gallbladder)

Question 2

classification of exocrine glands duct

Answer 2

structure of excretory duct: simple (unnbranched)

compound (branched) duct

Question 3

classification of exocrine glands secretory unit

Answer 3

tubular or acinar (alveolar)

Question 4

merocrine mechanism

Answer 4

exocytosis

Question 5

holocrine

Answer 5

whole cell released

Question 6

salivary glands are classified as ____ ____ ___

Answer 6

branched, tubuloalveolar glands

Question 7

saliva contains: (5)

Answer 7

proteins, glycoproteins (mucus), ions, water, IgA

Question 8

70% of saliva by __ gland 25% by ___ gland

Answer 8

submandibular, parotid

Question 9

function of saliva

Answer 9

lubrication

protection: lysozyme, lactoferrin, IgA
digestion: salivary amylase and lingual lipase

Question 10

parotid gland acini

Answer 10

serous

Question 11

submandibular gland features

Answer 11

serous and mucus,
serous demilunes
pure mucus acini rare

Question 12

sublingual gland features

Answer 12

mixed serous and mucus

pure acini predominate

Question 13

Parotid gland enzymes

Answer 13

peroxisomes, amylase, lysozyme

Question 14

parotid gland antimicrobial proteins and importance

Answer 14

antimicrobial proteins: cystatin, histatin, statherin, proline rich proteins
-important implications for bacterial clearance, selective bacterial aggregation on the tooth surface, and control of mineralization and demineralization

Question 15

clinical significance: mumps rabies and tumors

Answer 15

parotid gland is primary target of rabies and mumps

-complications: meningitis, orchitis (can lead to sterility)

Question 16

parotid gland is most frequent site for what?

Answer 16

slow-growing benign salivary gland tumors, surgical removal is complicated bc need to protect the facial nerve

Question 17

submandibular gland secretes

Answer 17

mucin to aid in lubrication of food

salivary amylase to breakdown starches

Question 18

centroacinar cells location and secrete what

Answer 18

spindle-shaped cells in pancreas continuous with low cuboidal epithelium of the intercalated duct, secrete:

bicarb from secretin stimulation
mucin

Question 19

what hormones increase the flow of pancreatic flood by 1.5 to 3 L a day?

Answer 19

CCK and secretin

Question 20

CCK produced in ___ cells of the ___ mucosa binds specific receptors of ____ cells and stimulates release of ___

Answer 20

enteroendocrine cells of the duodenal mucosa binds specific receptors of acinar cells and stimulates release of zymogen

Question 21

stimulation of acinar pancreatic cells releasing enzymes by what and what and what enzymes

Answer 21

vagus nerve releasing ach (parasymp) and CCK stimulation
release inactive trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase and trypsin inhibitor
release active form of phopholipase, amylase, lipase, cholesterol esterase

Question 22

epithelial cells of the intercalated duct secrete what and stimulated by what

Answer 22

bicarb and water stimulated by secretin

Question 23

amylase gene expression is regulated by ___ so the the internal circulation within the pancreas (_______ ___ ___) is functionally very important

Answer 23

insulin, insuloacinar portal system

Question 24

acute pancreatitis usually follows what

what are clinical signs

Answer 24

heavy meal or large alchohol ingestion

elevated amylase and lipase, severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting

Question 25

classic hepatic lobule arrangement

Answer 25

hexagonal, central vein in middle, portal triad at angles

Question 26

portal lobule

Answer 26

portal triad in middle, angles are the central veins of three hepatic lobules

Question 27

blood flows from ___ towards ___ | bile flows from ___ towards ___

Answer 27

periphery towards the central vein | central vein towards the periphery

Question 28

hepatic sinuosoid blood supply

Answer 28

receive oxygen rich blood from the hepatic arteries and nutrient rich blood from the portal vein and it gets mixed. blood diffuses through capillary walls into liver cells

Question 29

special cells within the sinusoids

Answer 29

specialized macrophages (kupffer cells) which recycle old RBCs

Question 30

how does bile drain

Answer 30

from hepatocytes by many small bile ducts that unite to form the main bile duct of the liver (hepatic duct)

Question 31

space of disse

Answer 31

- endothelium which lines the liver sinusoids is fenestrated and lacks a continuous basement membrane - area where hepatocytes can extract or secrete something

Question 32

space of disse function

Answer 32

blood can wash over freely through spaces and microvilli of hepatocytes extend into this space which allows proteins and other plasma components from the sinuosids to be absorbed by hepatocytes

Question 33

``` Ito cells (hepatic stellate cells) -location and function ```

Answer 33

- located at intervals within space of disse | - storage site for fat and vitamin A

Question 34

bile route out

Answer 34

produced by hepatocytes transported through bile canaliculi into canal of hering then into the bile duct in the portal triad space

Question 35

hepatocyte basolateral domain

Answer 35

abundant microvilli extending into the space of Disse - absoprtion of blood borne substances (bilirubin, peptide, steroid hormones, vitamin B12, and substances to be detoxified - secretion of plasma proteins, (albumin,fibrinogen, prothrombin, coag factors, complement proteins)

Question 36

hepatocyte apical domain

Answer 36

bile pole

Question 37

hepatocytes contain Smooth ER and function is?

Answer 37

1) synthesis of cholesterol and bile salts 2) glucoronide conjugation of bilirubin, steroids, drugs 3) breakdown glycogen into glucose 4) detox of lipid soluble drugs (phenobarbital)

Question 38

rough ER and golgi of hepatocytes function

Answer 38

synthesis and glycosylation of the secretory proteins indicated above

Question 39

peroxisomes in hepatocytes

Answer 39

prominent in hepatocyres make hydrogen peroxidase which is broken down into oxygen and water

Question 40

Bile functions

Answer 40

1) participates in excretion of cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts, conjugated bilirubin, electrolytes 2) fat absoroption in intestinal lumen depends on fat emulsifying function of bile salts 3) bile transports IgA to intestinal mucosa, inhibits bacterial growth in SI

Question 41

metabolism of bilirubin

Answer 41

bilirubin reaches hepatic sinusoids attached to albumin and once it reaches here albumin detaches and bilirubin is internalized by the hepatocyte

Question 42

alcoholism and fatty liver

Answer 42

hepatocytes metabolize alcohol, so long term consumption of alcohol results in fatty liver -process is reversible

Question 43

gallbladder mucosa

Answer 43

multiple folds lined by simple columnar epithelium supported by lamina propria with vascular-lymphatic plexus -mucosa creates deep clefts know as Rokitansky-Aschoff crypts