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Gastrointestinal DF > Digestive Glands > Flashcards

Digestive Glands Flashcards

1
Q

3 major glands

A

salivary: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
exocrine pancreas
liver (gallbladder)

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2
Q

classification of exocrine glands duct

A

structure of excretory duct: simple (unnbranched)

compound (branched) duct

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3
Q

classification of exocrine glands secretory unit

A

tubular or acinar (alveolar)

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4
Q

merocrine mechanism

A

exocytosis

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5
Q

holocrine

A

whole cell released

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6
Q

salivary glands are classified as ____ ____ ___

A

branched, tubuloalveolar glands

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7
Q

saliva contains: (5)

A

proteins, glycoproteins (mucus), ions, water, IgA

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8
Q

70% of saliva by __ gland 25% by ___ gland

A

submandibular, parotid

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9
Q

function of saliva

A

lubrication

protection: lysozyme, lactoferrin, IgA
digestion: salivary amylase and lingual lipase

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10
Q

parotid gland acini

A

serous

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11
Q

submandibular gland features

A

serous and mucus,
serous demilunes
pure mucus acini rare

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12
Q

sublingual gland features

A

mixed serous and mucus

pure acini predominate

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13
Q

Parotid gland enzymes

A

peroxisomes, amylase, lysozyme

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14
Q

parotid gland antimicrobial proteins and importance

A

antimicrobial proteins: cystatin, histatin, statherin, proline rich proteins
-important implications for bacterial clearance, selective bacterial aggregation on the tooth surface, and control of mineralization and demineralization

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15
Q

clinical significance: mumps rabies and tumors

A

parotid gland is primary target of rabies and mumps

-complications: meningitis, orchitis (can lead to sterility)

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16
Q

parotid gland is most frequent site for what?

A

slow-growing benign salivary gland tumors, surgical removal is complicated bc need to protect the facial nerve

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17
Q

submandibular gland secretes

A

mucin to aid in lubrication of food

salivary amylase to breakdown starches

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18
Q

centroacinar cells location and secrete what

A

spindle-shaped cells in pancreas continuous with low cuboidal epithelium of the intercalated duct, secrete:

bicarb from secretin stimulation
mucin

19
Q

what hormones increase the flow of pancreatic flood by 1.5 to 3 L a day?

A

CCK and secretin

20
Q

CCK produced in ___ cells of the ___ mucosa binds specific receptors of ____ cells and stimulates release of ___

A

enteroendocrine cells of the duodenal mucosa binds specific receptors of acinar cells and stimulates release of zymogen

21
Q

stimulation of acinar pancreatic cells releasing enzymes by what and what and what enzymes

A

vagus nerve releasing ach (parasymp) and CCK stimulation
release inactive trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase and trypsin inhibitor
release active form of phopholipase, amylase, lipase, cholesterol esterase

22
Q

epithelial cells of the intercalated duct secrete what and stimulated by what

A

bicarb and water stimulated by secretin

23
Q

amylase gene expression is regulated by ___ so the the internal circulation within the pancreas (_______ ___ ___) is functionally very important

A

insulin, insuloacinar portal system

24
Q

acute pancreatitis usually follows what

what are clinical signs

A

heavy meal or large alchohol ingestion

elevated amylase and lipase, severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting

25
Q

classic hepatic lobule arrangement

A

hexagonal, central vein in middle, portal triad at angles

26
Q

portal lobule

A

portal triad in middle, angles are the central veins of three hepatic lobules

27
Q

blood flows from ___ towards ___

bile flows from ___ towards ___

A

periphery towards the central vein

central vein towards the periphery

28
Q

hepatic sinuosoid blood supply

A

receive oxygen rich blood from the hepatic arteries and nutrient rich blood from the portal vein and it gets mixed.
blood diffuses through capillary walls into liver cells

29
Q

special cells within the sinusoids

A

specialized macrophages (kupffer cells) which recycle old RBCs

30
Q

how does bile drain

A

from hepatocytes by many small bile ducts that unite to form the main bile duct of the liver (hepatic duct)

31
Q

space of disse

A
  • endothelium which lines the liver sinusoids is fenestrated and lacks a continuous basement membrane
  • area where hepatocytes can extract or secrete something
32
Q

space of disse function

A

blood can wash over freely through spaces and microvilli of hepatocytes extend into this space which allows proteins and other plasma components from the sinuosids to be absorbed by hepatocytes

33
Q 
Ito cells (hepatic stellate cells)
-location and function
A
  • located at intervals within space of disse

- storage site for fat and vitamin A

34
Q

bile route out

A

produced by hepatocytes transported through bile canaliculi into canal of hering then into the bile duct in the portal triad space

35
Q

hepatocyte basolateral domain

A

abundant microvilli extending into the space of Disse

  • absoprtion of blood borne substances (bilirubin, peptide, steroid hormones, vitamin B12, and substances to be detoxified
  • secretion of plasma proteins, (albumin,fibrinogen, prothrombin, coag factors, complement proteins)
36
Q

hepatocyte apical domain

A

bile pole

37
Q

hepatocytes contain Smooth ER and function is?

A

1) synthesis of cholesterol and bile salts
2) glucoronide conjugation of bilirubin, steroids, drugs
3) breakdown glycogen into glucose
4) detox of lipid soluble drugs (phenobarbital)

38
Q

rough ER and golgi of hepatocytes function

A

synthesis and glycosylation of the secretory proteins indicated above

39
Q

peroxisomes in hepatocytes

A

prominent in hepatocyres make hydrogen peroxidase which is broken down into oxygen and water

40
Q

Bile functions

A

1) participates in excretion of cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts, conjugated bilirubin, electrolytes
2) fat absoroption in intestinal lumen depends on fat emulsifying function of bile salts
3) bile transports IgA to intestinal mucosa, inhibits bacterial growth in SI

41
Q

metabolism of bilirubin

A

bilirubin reaches hepatic sinusoids attached to albumin and once it reaches here albumin detaches and bilirubin is internalized by the hepatocyte

42
Q

alcoholism and fatty liver

A

hepatocytes metabolize alcohol, so long term consumption of alcohol results in fatty liver
-process is reversible

43
Q

gallbladder mucosa

A

multiple folds lined by simple columnar epithelium supported by lamina propria with vascular-lymphatic plexus
-mucosa creates deep clefts know as Rokitansky-Aschoff crypts

Gastrointestinal DF (14 decks)

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