Digestion system Flashcards
two parts of nutrition
ingestion and digestion
ingestion
taking food into the digestive system
digestion
breakdown of food in order to utolize nutrients
types of nutrients
micro and macro
types of nutrients
micro and macro
micronutrients
vitamins minerals and water
macronutrients
proteins lipids and carbohydrates
What are the two tupes of digestion
mechanical and chemical
mechanical digestion in the mouth
the teeth breaking down food
chemical digestion in the mounth
saliva digesting starch
amylase
saliva, that breaks starches into glucose monomers
Mucin
slippery protein that protects the soft lining of the digestive system; lubricates food for easier swallowing
buffers
neutralize acid to prevent tooth decay
anti-bacteriel chemicals
kill bacteriea hat enter the mouth with food
parts of tooth
crown, root, enamil, dentin and pulp
crown
part of the tooth above the gum
root
part of the tooth below the gum
enamil
calcium salt
dentin
bone like enamel; hardest substance in the body
bolus
lump formed with food and saliva
Epiglottis
flap of cartilage that closes the trachea when swallowing
where does food leave the mouth
through the esophagus
peristalsis
involuntary muscle contractions that move food along
pharynx
region in the back of the throught that connects to the larynx and the esophagus
how long is the pharynx
about 15 cm
how long is the pharynx
about 15 cm
digestive glands
groups of specialized secretory cells
where are difestive glands found
the lining of the alimentary canal or accessory organs
segmentation
involuntary contractions for the mixing of food
layers of the alimentary canal
mucosa, submuosa, muscular layer and serosa
Mucosal layer
inner most layer, secretes mucus
submuosal layer
provides elacticity of the tube; contains blood vessels
muscular layer
smooth muscle tissue, circular + longitudinal fibrs that pushes and mixes food
serosa (serous layer)
Visceral peritoneum, outercovering of the tube that moistens and lubricates structures.
Esophageal Hiatus
where the esophagus penatrates the diapram,
where does the esophagus connect to the stomach
at the cardiac sphincter
function of the stomach
temporary food storage/ mechanically and chemically breaks food down into chyme
function of the stomach
temporary food storage/ mechanically and chemically breaks food down into chyme
where does chymeleave the stomach
the pyloric sphincter
regions of the stomach
cardiac, fundic, body (greater and lesser curvature) and pyloric
stomach functions
food storage, dinfect food, and chemical digestion
pepsin
enzyme in stomach that breaks down protiens
Omentum
large apron like fold of visceral peritonium that hangs from the greater andd lesser curvature
accesory organs
pancreas, gallbladder, liver and salivary glands
gall bladder
patch near liver that stores bile
bile duct
long tube that carries bile through the pancreas and to the intestine
Function of Bile
breaks down fats
pancreas
organ that secretes digestive enzyms an horomones
where is all digestion completed
small intestine
pancrease enzymes
trypsin, chymotrypsisn, Amylase, and lupase
trypsin
digests protiens
chymotrypsin
digests proteirs
amylase
digests starch
lipase
digests fat
Buffers
neutralizes acid from stomach
Liver functions
maintains blood glucose level, breaks down lipids, fats and protien, stores vitamins and detoxifies substance; produces bile that breaks down fat
where does most chemical digestion take place
small intestine
where in the small intestine do simple sugars and protiens go
they are absorbed into the inner lining
where do fatty acids and glycerol go in the small intestine
they go to the lymphatic system
villi
hair like stuff that increases surface area of the small intestine
mesentary
membranous tisue that supports the folds of the intestines
how large is the small intestine
over 6 meters long with the surface area the size of a thennis court
three sections of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, and ilenum
duodenum
1st section; acid food from stomach mixes with digestive juices
jejunum
absorption of nutrients and water
ileum
absorption of nutrients and water (vitamins A B12 D E and K)
how much fluids does small intestine intake
90% of our body’s fluida
what happened when not enough water is absorbed in the large intestines
diarrhea
what happens when too much water is absorbed by the large intestine
constipation
what is the name for undigestible solids that flow through the large inestine
fibers
what does the large intestine absorb
water and vitamins K and B
how does the large intestine further breakdown food
using the bacteria that live in it
bacteria in the large intestine
produce viamins and produce gas as a product of metabolizing the food waste
Rectum
last section of the large intestine; exit point of waste from the body
Ulcers
erosion of the surface of the alimentary canal, usually associated with some kind of irritant
appendicitis
an inflimation of the appendox due to infection
treatment for appendicitis
removal of the appendix by surgery
gallstones
an accumulation of hardened cholestorol or calcium deposits in the gallladder
gallstones solution
they can either be passed or surgically removed
heartburn
acid from the stomach backs up into the esophagus
hernia
intestines protruding through the abdominal wall
Papillae
bumps on the toun that help it grip food and contain taste buds
what is the roof of the mouth called
the palate
function of the hard pallate
allows for a place to mash food against
function of the soft palate
closes off nasopharynx when you swallow
what are the three salivary glands
Parotid, sublingual and submandibular
where is the paroitid gland
back of the mouth
where is the sublingual glands
right behind your bottom gums
where is the submandibular glands
under your tounge, behind the sublingual
where is the submandibular glands
under your tounge, behind the sublingual
what does hydrochloric acid do
chemically breaks down food, denatures protiens and kills bacteria
pepsin
chemical mixture found in stomach that digests proteins
entero endocrine cells
trigger other cells to contract or produce chemicals
G cells
cells that produce gastrin
what are the three phases of stomach secretion
cephallic,
what are the three phases of stomach secretion
cephallic, Gastric and intestinal
cephallic phase
brain senses food and sends signal to make stomach prepare for food
Gastric phase
stomach activates strech receptors and increases gastrin production
intestinal phase
speeds or slows rate of stomach emptying so small intestines are not overwhelmed
what can cause the stomach to vomit food
too muc food, bacteria or viruses, drugs and alchohol, and stress
chemical unit for energy in food
calorie
what do enzymes do
speed up chemical reactions that break up food
four main food molecules
carbohydrates, protiens, lipids and nucleic acids
purpos of mucus in the digestive tract
lubrication as well as protecting your own cells from digestive chemicals
Type of muscle responsible for peristalsis
smooth
enzyme needed to digest lactose
lactase
why is bile needed to break down fats
because fat is not water soluble
how does bile break down fats
bile prevents molecules from sticking together before they can be digested
peptidase breaks down
protiens
what cells absorb monomers
epithelieal cells
haustral contractions
contractions in the large intestine that occur every 30 minutes and last for 1 minute; they move feces throug the intestine
parasympathetic defication reflex
the opening of the internal anal sphincter
