Ch 17-The 18th Century's Age of Enlightenment

Question 1

Enlightenment

Answer 1

movement in the 18th century of intellectuals who “dared to know”

Question 2

Skepticism

Answer 2

-philosophical concept where nothing can be known beyond all doubt

-when a large number of educated men and women began to question religious truths and values
-this began it late 17th century but was strongest in 18th century
-aka “New Skepticism”

Question 3

cultural relativism

Answer 3

belief no culture is superior to another because culture is about custom not reason

Question 4

philosophes

Answer 4

-upper class, middle class sometimes lower class
-writers of literature, professors, statesmen, economists, and political scientist
-above all social reformers
-wanted to change the world
-international

Question 5

cosmopolitan

Answer 5

Enlightenment included people from many different countries

Question 6

deism

Answer 6

-belief that God has no direct involvement in the world
-He created it and let it run based on its own natural laws

Question 7

laissez-faire

Answer 7

government should not interfere or regulate the economy and should let the people do what they want
-don’t interrupt the “natural economic forces”

Question 8

economic liberalism

Answer 8

-government should not interfere with the economy

Question 9

romanticism

Answer 9

-rejected emphasis on reason
-stressed importance of intuition, emotion, and imagination as sources of ‘knowing’

Question 10

feminism

Answer 10

-belief in political, social, equality of men and women

Question 11

salons

Answer 11

-fancy rooms in urban houses belonging to wealthy people that served as a place for philosophes to discuss and share their ideas
-united writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy bourgeoisie
-hosted by women, Madame Geoffin, marquise de Deffand, Madame Necker

Question 12

Rococo

Answer 12

-focused on grace and gentle action. -had a lot of curves and followed the natural lines of objects like seashells and flowers
-very secular
-spoke on the pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love

Question 13

Neoclassicism

Answer 13

Strived to capture the classic Roman and Greek architecture styles

Question 14

high culture

Answer 14

literary and artistic world of the educated upper classes

Question 15

popular culture

Answer 15

written and unwritten lore of the majority (the middle and lower class)a lot of which is passed down by word of mouth

Question 16

Pietism

Answer 16

Heavy religious beliefs

Question 17

who wrote Persian Letters?

Answer 17

Montequieu

Question 18

Who wrote Philosophic Letters on the English?

Answer 18

Voltaire

Question 19

Who wrote Treatise on Human Nature?

Answer 19

Hume

Question 20

Who wrote The Spirit of the Laws?

Answer 20

Montequieu

Question 21

Who wrote The Age of Louis XlV?

Answer 21

Voltaire

Question 22

Who wrote Encyclopedia?

Answer 22

Diderot

Question 23

Who wrote The Social Contract; Émile?

Answer 23

Rousseau

Question 24

Who wrote Treatise on Toleration?

Answer 24

Voltaire

Question 25

Who wrote On Crimes and Punishments?

Answer 25

Beccaria

Question 26

Who wrote System of Nature?

Answer 26

Holbach

Question 27

Who wrote The Wealth of Nations?

Answer 27

Smith

Question 28

Who wrote The Decline and Fail of the Roman Empire?

Answer 28

Gibbon

Question 29

Who wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman?

Answer 29

Wollstonecraft

Question 30

Who wrote The Progress of the Human Mind?

Answer 30

Condorcet

Question 31

Who was John Wesley?

Answer 31

Founder of Methodism

Question 32

Who was Marie Therese de Geoffrin?

Answer 32

hostess of salons where artists and philosophes could have wide-ranging discussions

Question 33

What role did women play in the Enlightenment?

Answer 33

took charge of uniting groups of men and women to discuss the new ideas of the philosophes

Question 34

Who was Bernard de Fontanelle?

Answer 34

-communicated large amount of scientific knowledge in simple way more people (upper class) could understand -thanks to him science was more accessible because of literature -wrote Plurality of Worlds

Question 35

Who was Pierre Bayle?

Answer 35

-argued for total religious toleration -while also believing that religion can benefit not harm the state -attacked superstition and the practice of dogma (Christian Orthodoxy) -did not believe people should be forced to believe certain religious ideas -thought religion shouldn't always determine or be linked to a person's moral conscience

Question 36

Who was John Locke?

Answer 36

-wrote Essay Concerning Human Knowledge -believed people’s minds start out as a blank canvas which are then influenced by their environment and experiences -thought by changing people’s influences and environment, a better overall society could be achieved -Locke disagreed with Descartes’s belief that people have innate ideas p. 505

Question 37

Who was Voltaire?

Answer 37

* He wrote with sarcasm, * was a strong diest * Believed in human reason over faith\ * religious toleration

Question 38

Who is Denis Diderot and what is he best known for helping create?

Answer 38

-freelance writer atheist -created a 28 volume Encyclopedia which spoke on his and many other philosophes' social concerns

Question 39

Who is David Hume?

Answer 39

-pioneer of social science -famous work was Treatise on human Nature -argued detailed examinations on human experience could lead to knowledge of human nature meaning the science of man is possible desire drives human behavior, not reason

Question 40

Who are the “Physiocrats” and what did they study?

Answer 40

-economists -studied “the natural economic laws that governed human society ”

Question 41

What is significant about the scientific discoveries of the 18th century?

Answer 41

VERY FEW of them took place at universities

Question 42

Austrian wars for succession

Answer 42

Prussia invaded Austria, and autria was effeciently defeated, making prussia the most powerful German State

Question 43

Adam Smihth

Answer 43

Wrote Wealth of nations Supply and demand

Question 44

Rousseau

Answer 44

* rationalism destroyed, not liberated * Early influence in Romantic moveent * belived in a more personal and loving god * belived ther was too much emphasis on propery over people

Question 45

kant

Answer 45

seperated science and morality

Question 46

treaty at the end of the austrian war

Answer 46

Aix-La-Chapelle (kept the status quo)