Ch 17-The 18th Century's Age of Enlightenment Flashcards
Enlightenment
movement in the 18th century of intellectuals who “dared to know”
Skepticism
-philosophical concept where nothing can be known beyond all doubt
-when a large number of educated men and women began to question religious truths and values
-this began it late 17th century but was strongest in 18th century
-aka “New Skepticism”
cultural relativism
belief no culture is superior to another because culture is about custom not reason
philosophes
-upper class, middle class sometimes lower class
-writers of literature, professors, statesmen, economists, and political scientist
-above all social reformers
-wanted to change the world
-international
cosmopolitan
Enlightenment included people from many different countries
deism
-belief that God has no direct involvement in the world
-He created it and let it run based on its own natural laws
laissez-faire
government should not interfere or regulate the economy and should let the people do what they want
-don’t interrupt the “natural economic forces”
economic liberalism
-government should not interfere with the economy
romanticism
-rejected emphasis on reason
-stressed importance of intuition, emotion, and imagination as sources of ‘knowing’
feminism
-belief in political, social, equality of men and women
salons
-fancy rooms in urban houses belonging to wealthy people that served as a place for philosophes to discuss and share their ideas
-united writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy bourgeoisie
-hosted by women, Madame Geoffin, marquise de Deffand, Madame Necker
Rococo
-focused on grace and gentle action. -had a lot of curves and followed the natural lines of objects like seashells and flowers
-very secular
-spoke on the pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love
Neoclassicism
Strived to capture the classic Roman and Greek architecture styles
high culture
literary and artistic world of the educated upper classes
popular culture
written and unwritten lore of the majority (the middle and lower class)a lot of which is passed down by word of mouth
Pietism
Heavy religious beliefs
who wrote Persian Letters?
Montequieu
Who wrote Philosophic Letters on the English?
Voltaire
Who wrote Treatise on Human Nature?
Hume
Who wrote The Spirit of the Laws?
Montequieu
Who wrote The Age of Louis XlV?
Voltaire
Who wrote Encyclopedia?
Diderot
Who wrote The Social Contract; Émile?
Rousseau
Who wrote Treatise on Toleration?
Voltaire
Who wrote On Crimes and Punishments?
Beccaria
Who wrote System of Nature?
Holbach
Who wrote The Wealth of Nations?
Smith
Who wrote The Decline and Fail of the Roman Empire?
Gibbon
Who wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman?
Wollstonecraft
Who wrote The Progress of the Human Mind?
Condorcet
Who was John Wesley?
Founder of Methodism
Who was Marie Therese de Geoffrin?
hostess of salons where artists and philosophes could have wide-ranging discussions
What role did women play in the Enlightenment?
took charge of uniting groups of men and women to discuss the new ideas of the philosophes
Who was Bernard de Fontanelle?
-communicated large amount of scientific knowledge in simple way more people (upper class) could understand
-thanks to him science was more accessible because of literature
-wrote Plurality of Worlds
Who was Pierre Bayle?
-argued for total religious toleration
-while also believing that religion can benefit not harm the state
-attacked superstition and the practice of dogma (Christian Orthodoxy)
-did not believe people should be forced to believe certain religious ideas
-thought religion shouldn’t always determine or be linked to a person’s moral conscience
Who was John Locke?
-wrote Essay Concerning Human Knowledge
-believed people’s minds start out as a blank canvas which are then influenced by their environment and experiences
-thought by changing people’s influences and environment, a better overall society could be achieved
-Locke disagreed with Descartes’s belief that people have innate ideas p. 505
Who was Voltaire?
- He wrote with sarcasm,
- was a strong diest
- Believed in human reason over faith\
- religious toleration
Who is Denis Diderot and what is he best known for helping create?
-freelance writer
atheist
-created a 28 volume Encyclopedia which spoke on his and many other philosophes’ social concerns
Who is David Hume?
-pioneer of social science
-famous work was Treatise on human Nature
-argued detailed examinations on human experience could lead to knowledge of human nature meaning the science of man is possible
desire drives human behavior, not reason
Who are the “Physiocrats” and what did they study?
-economists
-studied “the natural economic laws that governed human society ”
What is significant about the scientific discoveries of the 18th century?
VERY FEW of them took place at universities
Austrian wars for succession
Prussia invaded Austria, and autria was effeciently defeated, making prussia the most powerful German State
Adam Smihth
Wrote Wealth of nations
Supply and demand
Rousseau
- rationalism destroyed, not liberated
- Early influence in Romantic moveent
- belived in a more personal and loving god
- belived ther was too much emphasis on propery over people
kant
seperated science and morality
treaty at the end of the austrian war
Aix-La-Chapelle (kept the status quo)
