Chapter 14-Europe and the world: New Encounters Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

who was Ferdinand Magellan

A

He was a Portuguese explorer who went in search of a passage through America. He was also the first person to circumnavigate the globe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who funded Magellen’s trip to America

A

The king of Spain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Was Magellan’s trip succesful

A

yes, he found a strait through South America, however it was to far back around to Europe for it to be useful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what happened to Magellen

A

he was killed by natives in the Philippines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how many ships survived Magellens trip

A

1 out of 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what were the main motives for Europe’s voyages in the Atlantic

A

God, Glory, and Gold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When was Europe exploring further west

A

1500-1800

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what inspired some people to go on the voyages

A

Hearing stories, and reading books

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when did Marco Polo visit the Mongols in Eastern Asia

A

1271

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happened in the 14th century that stifled overland travels to the east from Europe?

A

the conquests of the Ottoman Turks and the breakup of the Mongol Empire led to the closing of overland routes to the east from Europe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Europe had a high demand for, and it was supplied by the east

A

spices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is religious zeal

A

when someone is motivated or willing to do something due to religious reason

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why were the Spanish and Portuguese so interested in the business of crusades?

A

Because they felt obligated to spread the message of Jesus and convert people to christianity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who was Henry the navigator

A

a Portuguese prince who sponsored the exploration of the coast of Africa in search of a Christian kingdom and ushered in a new era of European exploration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who established a school of navigators on the southwestern coast of portugal

A

Prince Henry(henry the navigator) in 1419

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

who was Hernan Cortes

A

a Spanish conquistador who led Spain to conquer the Aztec empire of Moctezuma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what were portolani (portolan charts)

A

they were made by medieval navigators and mathematician, which were more useful than the schematic maps of medieval times.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what kind of details did Portolani (portolan charts) have

A

coastal contours, distances between ports, and compass readings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what was bad about portolan charts

A

they didn’t account for the curvature of the earth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who was Ptolmey

A

An astronomer from the second century who created the Geography, a book filled with maps of all three major landmasses of the time (Europe,Asia, and Africa) and two oceans, however he underestimated the circumfrence of the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what improvements of shipbuilding were made at the time

A

The Portuguese caravel. axial rudder and Lateen sails with rope-riggings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which kingdom was an early leader in navigation and expansion

A

Portugese Empire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where did Portugal set up it’s trading posts

A

along the coasts East and West Africa India, Philippine Islands, China, South America

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

who was Bartholomew Dias

A

a Portuguese sea captain who was able to successfully sail around the Cape of Good Hope(bottom of Africa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Vasco de gama

A

He completed an all-water expedition to India in 1498 causing huge demand for Indian goods in Europe, which helped cut off the Italian monopoly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Goa

A

The headquarters for Portuguese operations in spice trade on the western coast of India.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why was Goa created

A

to monopolize on the spice trade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Malacca

A

a city in the Malay peninsula that was a major stopping point in the spice trade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Who led the establishment of Goa and the conquering of Malacca

A

Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What allowed the Portuguese to be so successful on the high seas

A

guns and seamanship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where did the Spanish set up their oversea colonies

A

South America and part of North America

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why did the Spanish set up oversea colonies

A

to find access to the indies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

who funded Columbus’s voyage

A

Queen Isabella of Spain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas

A

Divided the New World into Spanish and Portugese territories, by drawing a North-South line, Portugal had exclusive access to the African Slave trade, and Brazil, while Spain took the rest of the Americas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What allowed the Conquistadors to excel in taking over new lands

A

superior weapons, organizational skills, determination, rivalries among the natives and decimation of natives by european diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Did the Aztecs and the multiple dozens of other tribes in the New World get along with one another

A

some of the tribes sided with Spain to rebel against the oppressive rule of the Aztecs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What was the relationship between Montezuma and Cortes

A

Moctezuma thought that Cortés was a representative of a god who had left centuries ago and had promised to return to the Aztecs, so he let the Spainard into the city, and gave them gold, making it easy for them to take over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

where was the major Aztec city

A

Lake Texcoco (modern-day mexico city)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

where was the major Inca city

A

Cuzco (in the mountains of Peru)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Who was the Inca leader

A

Pachakuti

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is mercantilism?

A

Mercantilism is an economic theory that holds that a nation’s worth depends on its supply of gold and silver and that the total importance of trade is unchangeable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How is mercantilism fundamentally different from capitalism

A

Mercantilism advocates that the government plays an active role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports. capitalism advocates for the controlling of the country’s trade and industry by private owners, rather than the state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is a Joint-Stock company?

A

A company or an association that raises capital by selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investments while a board of directors runs the company

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Which European power was the closest to being a capitalist economy?

A

Amsterdam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Why weren’t European countries considered 100% Capitalist?

A

Most of the European economy depended on an agriculture system that had changed very little since the thirteenth century

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Who were the winners and losers of the price revolution and its economic shift?

A

Losers were the low-middle-class wage workers that did not own land. Winners were the high-class Douchbags that owned land and “leased” it to the poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is inflation?

A

Inflation is the dramatic rise in the cost of goods and services.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What was the “price revolution”

A

The dramatic rise in prices that occurred throughout Europe during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate are examples of what?

A

Cultural innovation was brought about by the expansion of Europe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what disease killed the most native Americans

A

Smallpox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Who created the Treaty of Tordesillas?

A

pope Leo the fifth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what happened at the battle of Plassey

A

a British force of three-thousand men defeated a Mughal-led army that was ten times its size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the encomienda system

A

a social and economic system that permitted the conquering Spaniards to collect tribute from the Indians and use them as laborers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What was the intention of the encomienda system

A

to support the Native Americans,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What was the problem with the encomienda system

A

since they were so far away from Spain, they could ignore the intention and brutally use the Natives for their own interests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what group opposed the mistreatment of the Natives

A

the dominican friars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

who were two major advocates for the fixing of the ecomienda system

A

Antón Montecino and Bartolomé de Las Casas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What replaced the encomienda system

A

an administrative system based on viceroys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what two sections were Spanish territories divided into

A

New Spain and Peru, each governed by viceroys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

who advised viceroys

A

audiencias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

who took over the Portuguese trading posts on the coast of Africa in the mid 1600s

A

The Dutch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is a Boer

A

a duch farmer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

where did the Dutch East India Company set up shop

A

outside of Cape Town because of the area’s moderate climate and freedom from tropical diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what drove the Atlantic Slave Trade beginning in the late 15th century

A

European colonies running out of native laborers to help on sugar plantations and inc silver mines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

When did talks of abolishing slavery begin

A

1770s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what group of people was the first to oppose slavery

A

the Society of Friends (quakers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

when did slavery finnaly end

A

1860s

67
Q

why was it hard for Portugal to control their trading posts

A

they lacked numbers and wealth

68
Q

Who took over the Dutch interests in India and when

A

England in the 1650s

69
Q

what happened as a result of the battle of plassey

A

the British received the authority to impose and collect taxes on over 20 million people in the area surrounding Calcutta

70
Q

how did the Chinese view Europeans

A

they thought little of the Europeans

71
Q

What dynasty was in charge of china in the 1600s

A

The ming dynasty

72
Q

what happened in china that caused a peasant revolt

A

an epidemic

73
Q

who commanded the peasent revolt in china

A

Li Zicheng

74
Q

what dynasty was created in china, after the revolt

A

The Qing Dynasty

75
Q

Where did the British East India Company set up shop in China

A

an island just outside the city walls of canton, through agreement with the Qing dynasty

76
Q

what happened in japan in the late 15th century

A

It was close to anarchy due to lack of recognition of authority.

77
Q

who became Shogun and helped unify Japan

A

Tokugawa Leyasu

78
Q

how long were the Tokugawa rulers able to keep power

A

until 1868

79
Q

what happened to christians in japan

A

they were initially welcomed and even converted some of the population, but when they interfered with politics tokugawa expelled all missionaries and persecuted Christians

79
Q

what happened to christians in japan

A

they were initially welcomed and even converted some of the population, but when they interfered with politics tokugawa expelled all missionaries and persecuted Christians

80
Q

why were the Dutch allowed to stay in Nagasaki

A

because they hadn’t allowed missonary activities to interfere with their trade interests, however they were only allowed to dock at the harbor once a year for only about two or three months

81
Q

how were English and French settlements different from Portugese and Spanish settlements in the new world

A

English and french settlements were set up on the fur and tobacco, while the Spanish and Portugese were based on sugarcane and gold

82
Q

What two factors led to Spain’s decline and being eclipsed by the British and French

A

Decline in output of silver mines, poverty of the Spanish monarchy

83
Q

what does “prescription without possession availeth nothing” mean

A

it was something said by the British that meant that Spain did not own all of America just because they said so

84
Q

where did the english first settle in North America

A

modern-day Virginia

84
Q

What was the first english colony

A

Jamestown

85
Q

when was Jamestown established

A

1607

86
Q

Was Jamestown successful

A

At first it struggled to survive, but it ended up being successful

87
Q

what was the central purpose of the english colonies in America

A

it provided raw materials, such as cotton, sugar and tobbaco, for England.

88
Q

How was the French colonization of America different form the English

A

they claimed Canada, and it was run as a french province, by the french government, rather than as a separate thing, with unique legislature.

89
Q

were British and French able to cut into Spanish and Portugese trade in the new world

A

yes, the British were able to get into the Brazillian trade, and the french broke into the latin America when the French Bourbons became kings of Spain

90
Q

Did protestants or catholics have a higher missionary drive

A

Catholics

91
Q

what was the prominent religious order of missionaries in Japan

A

the Jesuits became the most prominent religious order in Japan

92
Q

what happened to population growth at the time

A

it went back to its pre-plauge level (going from 70 million in 1500, to 90 million in 1600

93
Q

what effect did population growth have on economics

A

more people meant more consumers

94
Q

what economic system became more common at the time

A

capitalism

95
Q

bourgeosie

A

middle class

96
Q

Who were the main bankers In Germany

A

The Fuggers

97
Q

What innovation in accounting was made at the time

A

double-entry bookkeeping

98
Q

what was the financial center in the 17th century

A

Amsterdam

99
Q

What was the banking and commercial center in Europe in the 16th century

A

Antwerp

100
Q

The Hanseatic league

A

evolved from german states in the Middle Ages , eventually controlled trade in much of northern Europe well into the 16th century

101
Q

Chartered Companies

A

Chartered companies became a state within a state with large fleets of ships and military power

102
Q

Joint-Stock companies

A

investors pooled resources for a common purpose, it was the forerunner of the modern cooperation

103
Q

What was an example of an early stock market

A

the bourse in Antwerp

104
Q

Enclosure movement

A

landowners enclosed their lands to improve sheep herding and supply wool for textiles

105
Q

Enclosure movement

A

landowners enclosed their lands to improve sheep herding and supply wool for textiles

106
Q

what happened to the farmers displaced by the enclosure movement

A

they begun producing textiles at home to supplement their income

107
Q

What new industries came about at the time

A

Cloth production, mining, printing, book trade, shipbuilding, Cannons and muskets

108
Q

What were the three new major consumer goods?

A

sugar(most important), rice and tea

108
Q

when did Mercantilism develop

A

the 17th century

109
Q

Bullionism

A

the political theory that a country should acquire as much gold and silver as possible

110
Q

what happened to serfs as a result of the commercial revolution

A

many were able to improve their social position

111
Q

What did the migrations to towns and cities cause

A

an increase in crime, poverty, unemployment, and sanitation problems

112
Q

where did the middle class acquire much of its wealth

A

trading and manufacturing

113
Q

what happened to the nobility at the time

A

they had a diminished standard of living in the inflationary economy

114
Q

who created European interest in Asia and the Middle East

A

Christian Crusaders

115
Q

Who had a monopoly on trade with Asia that Portugal and Spain wanted to break

A

Italy

116
Q

Who created the Terrestrial globe

A

Martin Behaim in 1492

117
Q

How was Waldseemüller’s map different from the behaim’s map

A

It shows a little bit of America, and was the first map to do so (1507)

118
Q

What was mercator’s map noted for

A

being the first map to prominently show North and South America

119
Q

how did Portugal and Spain see Portolani

A

They saw them as state secrets

120
Q

What is the oldest known signed and dated chart of Portugese origin

A

The Portolan chart by Jorge de Aguiar from 1492

121
Q

what were the major navigational instruments of the time

A

Magnetic compass
Geometric quadrant, and Mariner’s astrolabe
Cross staff

122
Q

when was the magnetic compass invented

A

1300

123
Q

When was the geometric quadrant made

A

1460

124
Q

when was the astrolabe made

A

1480

125
Q

when was the cross staff made

A

1550

126
Q

Amerigo Vespucci

A

Explored Brazil and was the first European to realize he was in a new continent when he got to the New World, America was named after him

127
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

Financed by Ferdinand and Isabella to compete with the Portugese he reached the Bahamas, but he thought it was somewhere west of India, he charted most of the islands in the Caribbean and Honduras

128
Q

Bartholomew de las Casas

A

Publicly criticized the ruthlessness of Columbus towards the natives in his book A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies.

129
Q

What was the effect A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies

A

Protestant countries, such as england, began to accuse Spain for using Christianity as an excuse to kill natives, even though they were doing the same thing

130
Q

Who conquered the Aztecs in Mesoamerica in

A

Hernando Cortes 1521

131
Q

Who conquered the Inca in Peru

A

Francisco Pizarro 1532

132
Q

The Golden Age of Spain

A

Resembled the “New Imperialism” of the late-19th and early-20th centuries by outright conquering entire regions and subjugating their populations

132
Q

The Golden Age of Spain

A

Resembled the “New Imperialism” of the late-19th and early-20th centuries by outright conquering entire regions and subjugating their populations

133
Q

What happened to the Spanish empire in the New World during the golden age of Spain

A

It was divided into four vice-royalties, each led by a viceroy

134
Q

What was most important during the golden age of spine

A

mining gold and silver

135
Q

how much of the riches did the Spainsh crown get

A

1/5, supplying 25% of their income

136
Q

What started the Golden Age

A

the opening of the world’s riches silver mines at Potosí Peru

137
Q

How did Spain avoid competition with Spanish merchants

A

It shipped manufactured goods to America and discouraged native industries from taking root

138
Q

Creoles

A

Spaniards who were born in the New World to Spanish parents

139
Q

Mestizos

A

Children of Native American and Spaniard descent

140
Q

Old Imperialism

A

Happened in Africa and Asia, it was the establishment of forts on coastal regions, but not further inland

141
Q

Where did Portugal have trading posts 1495

A

along the Guinea Coast, Timbuktu, Goa, and Calcutta

142
Q

Alphonso d’Albuquerque

A

Laid the foundation for Portuguese Imperialism in the 16th and 17th centuries, established the strategy of making coastal regions, not wanting to establish an empire inland, and was governer of India between 1509 and 1515

143
Q

Francis Xavier

A

Led Jesuit missionaries to Asia. By 1550 thousands of natives had been converted to Christianity in India Indonesia, and Japan

144
Q

The Dutch East India Company

A

founded in 1602 and became the major force behind Dutch Imperialism. It expelled the Portuguese from Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and other Spice Islands (Indonesia)

145
Q

Where was France’s first settlement in the New Wold

A

Quebec (1603)

146
Q

When was France expelled from North America

A

1768

147
Q

Did more English, French, Spanish, or Portuguese explorers come to the New World

A

English (more than all of the others combined)

148
Q

Why did Portugal first introduce Slavery into Brazil

A

to farm the sugar plantations

149
Q

What was the English company for the slave trade

A

England’s Royal African Company

150
Q

Africans accounted for what percent of the population in the New World

A

About 60% of Brazil’s population and about 20% of the U.S Population

151
Q

What was the Middle Passage

A

the journey for slaves across the Atlantic from West Africa to the new world

152
Q

The Triangular Trade

A

Britain shipped textiles, rum, and manufactured goods to Africa, then slaves were transported to the West Indies and north America. Goods from the west Indies and North America were shipped to England.

152
Q

The Columbian exchange

A

exchange of goods shifted economic power in Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic

153
Q

What did the Columbian exchange result in Europeans

A

Improved diet, increased wealth, and the rise of global empires

154
Q

What did the Columbian exchange result in the Natives

A

largely catastrophic

155
Q

Michel de Montaigne

A

contrasted the greed and violence of the Europeans with simple and harmonius American Indians

156
Q

Syphilis

A

the main disease transmitted to europeans by American Indians, effected thousands back in Europe

157
Q

What foods were brought from the New World

A

The Potato (most Important) maize (corn) pineapples, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, squash, vanilla and chocolate.

158
Q

What livestock was brought to the new world by Europeans

A

cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, and chickens

159
Q

who was martin luther

A