Chapter 14-Europe and the world: New Encounters Flashcards
who was Ferdinand Magellan
He was a Portuguese explorer who went in search of a passage through America. He was also the first person to circumnavigate the globe
Who funded Magellen’s trip to America
The king of Spain
Was Magellan’s trip succesful
yes, he found a strait through South America, however it was to far back around to Europe for it to be useful
what happened to Magellen
he was killed by natives in the Philippines
how many ships survived Magellens trip
1 out of 5
what were the main motives for Europe’s voyages in the Atlantic
God, Glory, and Gold
When was Europe exploring further west
1500-1800
what inspired some people to go on the voyages
Hearing stories, and reading books
when did Marco Polo visit the Mongols in Eastern Asia
1271
What happened in the 14th century that stifled overland travels to the east from Europe?
the conquests of the Ottoman Turks and the breakup of the Mongol Empire led to the closing of overland routes to the east from Europe.
Europe had a high demand for, and it was supplied by the east
spices
What is religious zeal
when someone is motivated or willing to do something due to religious reason
Why were the Spanish and Portuguese so interested in the business of crusades?
Because they felt obligated to spread the message of Jesus and convert people to christianity
Who was Henry the navigator
a Portuguese prince who sponsored the exploration of the coast of Africa in search of a Christian kingdom and ushered in a new era of European exploration
Who established a school of navigators on the southwestern coast of portugal
Prince Henry(henry the navigator) in 1419
who was Hernan Cortes
a Spanish conquistador who led Spain to conquer the Aztec empire of Moctezuma
what were portolani (portolan charts)
they were made by medieval navigators and mathematician, which were more useful than the schematic maps of medieval times.
what kind of details did Portolani (portolan charts) have
coastal contours, distances between ports, and compass readings
what was bad about portolan charts
they didn’t account for the curvature of the earth.
Who was Ptolmey
An astronomer from the second century who created the Geography, a book filled with maps of all three major landmasses of the time (Europe,Asia, and Africa) and two oceans, however he underestimated the circumfrence of the earth
what improvements of shipbuilding were made at the time
The Portuguese caravel. axial rudder and Lateen sails with rope-riggings
Which kingdom was an early leader in navigation and expansion
Portugese Empire
Where did Portugal set up it’s trading posts
along the coasts East and West Africa India, Philippine Islands, China, South America
who was Bartholomew Dias
a Portuguese sea captain who was able to successfully sail around the Cape of Good Hope(bottom of Africa)
Vasco de gama
He completed an all-water expedition to India in 1498 causing huge demand for Indian goods in Europe, which helped cut off the Italian monopoly
Goa
The headquarters for Portuguese operations in spice trade on the western coast of India.
Why was Goa created
to monopolize on the spice trade
Malacca
a city in the Malay peninsula that was a major stopping point in the spice trade
Who led the establishment of Goa and the conquering of Malacca
Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque
What allowed the Portuguese to be so successful on the high seas
guns and seamanship
Where did the Spanish set up their oversea colonies
South America and part of North America
Why did the Spanish set up oversea colonies
to find access to the indies
who funded Columbus’s voyage
Queen Isabella of Spain
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided the New World into Spanish and Portugese territories, by drawing a North-South line, Portugal had exclusive access to the African Slave trade, and Brazil, while Spain took the rest of the Americas
What allowed the Conquistadors to excel in taking over new lands
superior weapons, organizational skills, determination, rivalries among the natives and decimation of natives by european diseases
Did the Aztecs and the multiple dozens of other tribes in the New World get along with one another
some of the tribes sided with Spain to rebel against the oppressive rule of the Aztecs
What was the relationship between Montezuma and Cortes
Moctezuma thought that Cortés was a representative of a god who had left centuries ago and had promised to return to the Aztecs, so he let the Spainard into the city, and gave them gold, making it easy for them to take over
where was the major Aztec city
Lake Texcoco (modern-day mexico city)
where was the major Inca city
Cuzco (in the mountains of Peru)
Who was the Inca leader
Pachakuti
What is mercantilism?
Mercantilism is an economic theory that holds that a nation’s worth depends on its supply of gold and silver and that the total importance of trade is unchangeable.
How is mercantilism fundamentally different from capitalism
Mercantilism advocates that the government plays an active role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports. capitalism advocates for the controlling of the country’s trade and industry by private owners, rather than the state
What is a Joint-Stock company?
A company or an association that raises capital by selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investments while a board of directors runs the company
Which European power was the closest to being a capitalist economy?
Amsterdam
Why weren’t European countries considered 100% Capitalist?
Most of the European economy depended on an agriculture system that had changed very little since the thirteenth century
Who were the winners and losers of the price revolution and its economic shift?
Losers were the low-middle-class wage workers that did not own land. Winners were the high-class Douchbags that owned land and “leased” it to the poor
What is inflation?
Inflation is the dramatic rise in the cost of goods and services.
What was the “price revolution”
The dramatic rise in prices that occurred throughout Europe during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.
Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate are examples of what?
Cultural innovation was brought about by the expansion of Europe.
what disease killed the most native Americans
Smallpox
Who created the Treaty of Tordesillas?
pope Leo the fifth
what happened at the battle of Plassey
a British force of three-thousand men defeated a Mughal-led army that was ten times its size
What is the encomienda system
a social and economic system that permitted the conquering Spaniards to collect tribute from the Indians and use them as laborers
What was the intention of the encomienda system
to support the Native Americans,
What was the problem with the encomienda system
since they were so far away from Spain, they could ignore the intention and brutally use the Natives for their own interests
what group opposed the mistreatment of the Natives
the dominican friars
who were two major advocates for the fixing of the ecomienda system
Antón Montecino and Bartolomé de Las Casas
What replaced the encomienda system
an administrative system based on viceroys
what two sections were Spanish territories divided into
New Spain and Peru, each governed by viceroys
who advised viceroys
audiencias
who took over the Portuguese trading posts on the coast of Africa in the mid 1600s
The Dutch
What is a Boer
a duch farmer
where did the Dutch East India Company set up shop
outside of Cape Town because of the area’s moderate climate and freedom from tropical diseases
what drove the Atlantic Slave Trade beginning in the late 15th century
European colonies running out of native laborers to help on sugar plantations and inc silver mines
When did talks of abolishing slavery begin
1770s
what group of people was the first to oppose slavery
the Society of Friends (quakers)
when did slavery finnaly end
1860s
why was it hard for Portugal to control their trading posts
they lacked numbers and wealth
Who took over the Dutch interests in India and when
England in the 1650s
what happened as a result of the battle of plassey
the British received the authority to impose and collect taxes on over 20 million people in the area surrounding Calcutta
how did the Chinese view Europeans
they thought little of the Europeans
What dynasty was in charge of china in the 1600s
The ming dynasty
what happened in china that caused a peasant revolt
an epidemic
who commanded the peasent revolt in china
Li Zicheng
what dynasty was created in china, after the revolt
The Qing Dynasty
Where did the British East India Company set up shop in China
an island just outside the city walls of canton, through agreement with the Qing dynasty
what happened in japan in the late 15th century
It was close to anarchy due to lack of recognition of authority.
who became Shogun and helped unify Japan
Tokugawa Leyasu
how long were the Tokugawa rulers able to keep power
until 1868
what happened to christians in japan
they were initially welcomed and even converted some of the population, but when they interfered with politics tokugawa expelled all missionaries and persecuted Christians
what happened to christians in japan
they were initially welcomed and even converted some of the population, but when they interfered with politics tokugawa expelled all missionaries and persecuted Christians
why were the Dutch allowed to stay in Nagasaki
because they hadn’t allowed missonary activities to interfere with their trade interests, however they were only allowed to dock at the harbor once a year for only about two or three months
how were English and French settlements different from Portugese and Spanish settlements in the new world
English and french settlements were set up on the fur and tobacco, while the Spanish and Portugese were based on sugarcane and gold
What two factors led to Spain’s decline and being eclipsed by the British and French
Decline in output of silver mines, poverty of the Spanish monarchy
what does “prescription without possession availeth nothing” mean
it was something said by the British that meant that Spain did not own all of America just because they said so
where did the english first settle in North America
modern-day Virginia
What was the first english colony
Jamestown
when was Jamestown established
1607
Was Jamestown successful
At first it struggled to survive, but it ended up being successful
what was the central purpose of the english colonies in America
it provided raw materials, such as cotton, sugar and tobbaco, for England.
How was the French colonization of America different form the English
they claimed Canada, and it was run as a french province, by the french government, rather than as a separate thing, with unique legislature.
were British and French able to cut into Spanish and Portugese trade in the new world
yes, the British were able to get into the Brazillian trade, and the french broke into the latin America when the French Bourbons became kings of Spain
Did protestants or catholics have a higher missionary drive
Catholics
what was the prominent religious order of missionaries in Japan
the Jesuits became the most prominent religious order in Japan
what happened to population growth at the time
it went back to its pre-plauge level (going from 70 million in 1500, to 90 million in 1600
what effect did population growth have on economics
more people meant more consumers
what economic system became more common at the time
capitalism
bourgeosie
middle class
Who were the main bankers In Germany
The Fuggers
What innovation in accounting was made at the time
double-entry bookkeeping
what was the financial center in the 17th century
Amsterdam
What was the banking and commercial center in Europe in the 16th century
Antwerp
The Hanseatic league
evolved from german states in the Middle Ages , eventually controlled trade in much of northern Europe well into the 16th century
Chartered Companies
Chartered companies became a state within a state with large fleets of ships and military power
Joint-Stock companies
investors pooled resources for a common purpose, it was the forerunner of the modern cooperation
What was an example of an early stock market
the bourse in Antwerp
Enclosure movement
landowners enclosed their lands to improve sheep herding and supply wool for textiles
Enclosure movement
landowners enclosed their lands to improve sheep herding and supply wool for textiles
what happened to the farmers displaced by the enclosure movement
they begun producing textiles at home to supplement their income
What new industries came about at the time
Cloth production, mining, printing, book trade, shipbuilding, Cannons and muskets
What were the three new major consumer goods?
sugar(most important), rice and tea
when did Mercantilism develop
the 17th century
Bullionism
the political theory that a country should acquire as much gold and silver as possible
what happened to serfs as a result of the commercial revolution
many were able to improve their social position
What did the migrations to towns and cities cause
an increase in crime, poverty, unemployment, and sanitation problems
where did the middle class acquire much of its wealth
trading and manufacturing
what happened to the nobility at the time
they had a diminished standard of living in the inflationary economy
who created European interest in Asia and the Middle East
Christian Crusaders
Who had a monopoly on trade with Asia that Portugal and Spain wanted to break
Italy
Who created the Terrestrial globe
Martin Behaim in 1492
How was Waldseemüller’s map different from the behaim’s map
It shows a little bit of America, and was the first map to do so (1507)
What was mercator’s map noted for
being the first map to prominently show North and South America
how did Portugal and Spain see Portolani
They saw them as state secrets
What is the oldest known signed and dated chart of Portugese origin
The Portolan chart by Jorge de Aguiar from 1492
what were the major navigational instruments of the time
Magnetic compass
Geometric quadrant, and Mariner’s astrolabe
Cross staff
when was the magnetic compass invented
1300
When was the geometric quadrant made
1460
when was the astrolabe made
1480
when was the cross staff made
1550
Amerigo Vespucci
Explored Brazil and was the first European to realize he was in a new continent when he got to the New World, America was named after him
Christopher Columbus
Financed by Ferdinand and Isabella to compete with the Portugese he reached the Bahamas, but he thought it was somewhere west of India, he charted most of the islands in the Caribbean and Honduras
Bartholomew de las Casas
Publicly criticized the ruthlessness of Columbus towards the natives in his book A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies.
What was the effect A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies
Protestant countries, such as england, began to accuse Spain for using Christianity as an excuse to kill natives, even though they were doing the same thing
Who conquered the Aztecs in Mesoamerica in
Hernando Cortes 1521
Who conquered the Inca in Peru
Francisco Pizarro 1532
The Golden Age of Spain
Resembled the “New Imperialism” of the late-19th and early-20th centuries by outright conquering entire regions and subjugating their populations
The Golden Age of Spain
Resembled the “New Imperialism” of the late-19th and early-20th centuries by outright conquering entire regions and subjugating their populations
What happened to the Spanish empire in the New World during the golden age of Spain
It was divided into four vice-royalties, each led by a viceroy
What was most important during the golden age of spine
mining gold and silver
how much of the riches did the Spainsh crown get
1/5, supplying 25% of their income
What started the Golden Age
the opening of the world’s riches silver mines at Potosí Peru
How did Spain avoid competition with Spanish merchants
It shipped manufactured goods to America and discouraged native industries from taking root
Creoles
Spaniards who were born in the New World to Spanish parents
Mestizos
Children of Native American and Spaniard descent
Old Imperialism
Happened in Africa and Asia, it was the establishment of forts on coastal regions, but not further inland
Where did Portugal have trading posts 1495
along the Guinea Coast, Timbuktu, Goa, and Calcutta
Alphonso d’Albuquerque
Laid the foundation for Portuguese Imperialism in the 16th and 17th centuries, established the strategy of making coastal regions, not wanting to establish an empire inland, and was governer of India between 1509 and 1515
Francis Xavier
Led Jesuit missionaries to Asia. By 1550 thousands of natives had been converted to Christianity in India Indonesia, and Japan
The Dutch East India Company
founded in 1602 and became the major force behind Dutch Imperialism. It expelled the Portuguese from Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and other Spice Islands (Indonesia)
Where was France’s first settlement in the New Wold
Quebec (1603)
When was France expelled from North America
1768
Did more English, French, Spanish, or Portuguese explorers come to the New World
English (more than all of the others combined)
Why did Portugal first introduce Slavery into Brazil
to farm the sugar plantations
What was the English company for the slave trade
England’s Royal African Company
Africans accounted for what percent of the population in the New World
About 60% of Brazil’s population and about 20% of the U.S Population
What was the Middle Passage
the journey for slaves across the Atlantic from West Africa to the new world
The Triangular Trade
Britain shipped textiles, rum, and manufactured goods to Africa, then slaves were transported to the West Indies and north America. Goods from the west Indies and North America were shipped to England.
The Columbian exchange
exchange of goods shifted economic power in Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic
What did the Columbian exchange result in Europeans
Improved diet, increased wealth, and the rise of global empires
What did the Columbian exchange result in the Natives
largely catastrophic
Michel de Montaigne
contrasted the greed and violence of the Europeans with simple and harmonius American Indians
Syphilis
the main disease transmitted to europeans by American Indians, effected thousands back in Europe
What foods were brought from the New World
The Potato (most Important) maize (corn) pineapples, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, squash, vanilla and chocolate.
What livestock was brought to the new world by Europeans
cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, and chickens
who was martin luther
