Chapter 12- Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance Flashcards
1
Q
when was the renaissance?
A
1300s-1600s
2
Q
when did the renaissane spread to Northern Europe
A
around 1450
3
Q
Renaissance culture applied almost exclusively to who?
A
the upper classes
4
Q
what three northern Italian city-states developed national trade.
A
Venice,Genoa, Milan
5
Q
what is a commenda
A
A contract between a merchant and someone who agrees to take their goods to distant locations for some of the profits.
6
Q
why didn’t Italy unify politically
A
competition among city states
7
Q
when did the downfall of the city states happen
A
late 1400s early 1500s
8
Q
What family dominated the Republic of Florence
A
The medici family
9
Q
who was the most powerful medici
A
cosimo de medici
10
Q
What was notable about Lorenzo the Magnificent
A
He was perhaps the greatest patron of the arts
11
Q
who was the main family in Milan
A
the Sforza family
12
Q
who were the two major enemies of Milan
A
venice and florence
13
Q
What was the treaty that created a 40 year period of relative peace in northern Italy in
A
The Peace of Lodi (1454)
14
Q
In which city state did popes serve as religious and political leaders, and controlled much of central Italy
A
Rome(the Papal States)
15
Q
what was the longest lasting Italian city state and the greatest maritime power in Italy
A
Rome(the Papal States)
16
Q
Which city state was known as the kingdom of two Sicilies
A
Naples
17
Q
What was the only Italian city state to officially have a king
A
Naples
18
Q
Which city state was controlled by France and Spain
A
Naples
19
Q
When did the french invasions of Italy begin
A
1494
20
Q
Italy became a battle ground for what two outside countries
A
France and Spain
21
Q
What symbolized the end of the Renissance in Italy
A
the sack of rome (1557)
22
Q
What is Humanism
A
Strong belief in individualism and the great potential of human beings
23
Q
what is Virtú
A
the quality of being a man; excellin in all of one’s pursuits
24
Q
What did humanism believe was the key to a good life
A
reason and Nature
25
Secularism
interest in things that are not religious
26
Was humanism in Italy focused on Christian or Non-Christian
Non-christian
27
True or false most humanists were athiests
false, most were christians
28
what two main languages did humanists focus on studying
Latin at first and then Ancient Greek after the fall of the Byzantine Empire (1453)
29
What kind of education did humanists believe in
Liberal arts ( i.e Grammar,Rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy)
30
Civic Humanism believed what
that education should prepare leaders who would be active in civic repairs
31
Which humanists were important political leaders
colluccion Salutati, Leonardo Bruni, and Francesco Guiccaiardini.
32
Who was known as the "father of humanism"
Petrarch
33
who was considered the first modern writer
Petrarch
34
what language were most texts in this era written in
Latin
35
Who was the first to use the term humanism
Leonardo Bruni
36
who wrote the first modern history and what was it
Leonardo Bruni-a history of Florence.
37
who exposed the false donation of Constantine
Lorenzo Valla
38
what had the church clamed in the false donation of constantine
that they had been granted a lot of land by emporer constantine
39
Who exposed errors in the Latin Vulgate (official catholic bible)
Lorenzo Valla
40
Who founded the platonic academy at the behest of Cosimo de Medici and translated much of Plato's work into latin
Marsilio Ficino
41
Which famous humanist was a member of the platonic academy
Pico Della Mirandola
42
Who wrote the quintessential political treatise of the 16th century,
Niccolò Machiavelli-The prince
43
what were some of Niccolo machiavelli's main ideas
the ends justify the means, rulers were better to be feared than loved,Rulers had to be practical, cunning, aggressive, and ruthless.
44
what were some of Niccolo Machiavelli's main ideas
the ends justify the means, rulers were better to be feared than loved,Rulers had to be practical, cunning, aggressive, and ruthless.
45
Who wrote the most important renaissance work on social etiquette(described the ideal of a "renaissance man"
Baldassare Castiglione-Book of the Courtier
46
Who invented the press
Johann Gutenburg
47
What did artists emphasize in their art in addition to religion
Individuals and everyday life
48
What city state was the artistic leeader in the 1400s
Florence
49
Where did most of the patronage for the arts come from
wealthy families and churches
50
who commissioned Donatello's David
Medici
51
Which wealthy family commissioned the last supper
The Sforza's (Milan)
52
Why were churches such patrons of the arts
they saw it as a way to glorify god
53
who commissioned Michelangelo's David
Church
54
Where was the artistic center in the 1500s
rome
55
Which pope is noted for being a big patron of the arts
Pope Alexander VI
56
what were the new artistic techniques of the era
Geometric perspective, Chiaroscuro,sfumato
57
What is geometric perspective
three dimensional looking art as opposed to the 2d medieval art
58
What is chiaroscuro
the use of dark and light to show depth
59
sfumato
a technique developed by da Vinci, blurring lines to create a "smoky" effect
60
Which was more stylized and less emotional,renaissance or medieval art
medievel
61
Where did sculptures often appear
buildings and tombs
62
How wererenaissance sculpture meant to be seen
"in the round" (from all angles)
63
Who were renaissance sculptors influenced by
ancient greek and roman artists
64
what style of architecture was popular during the middle ages
gothic
65
what are the characteristics of gothic architecture
highly ornamented, with pointed spires, flying buttresses and a grand scale
66
what are the characteristics of renaissance architecture
Triangular pediments, columns, arches, and domes (based of ancient Rome and Greece)
67
What did renaissance architecture empasize
simplicity, symmetry, and balance
68
Who was Raphael Santi
A painter who painted a lot of madonna and child paintings
69
who painted the school of Athens
Raphael Santi
70
what is Michelangelo famous for making
r painting the Sistine Chapel sculpting David, and the dome on St.Peter's Basilica
71
What is titian noted for
his use of vivid color
72
who is one of the most influential architects in modern European history
Andrea Palladio
73
who was considered one of the first people to use chiaroscuro
Giotto (from Florence)
74
What is Filippo Brunelleschi famous for.
Il Duomo(the largest dome in Europe at the time), is also considered the father of linear perspective
75
what is Leon Battista Alberti famous for
an architect of several famous cathedrals, he wrote the first treatise on linear perspective (from florence)
76
who was Lorenzo Ghiberti
an artist who won a contest to see who would sculpt the bronze doors for the florentine baptistery (called by Michelangelo "the gates of paradise) (from Florence)
77
Who was Donatello
Was the first renaissance artist to utilize a nude figure in sculpture, mad the bronze David (from Florence)
78
Who was Masaccio
Considered the first person to portray nude human figures in 3d(on 2d paper) (from Florence)
79
who was Sandro Botticelli
Painted Birth of venus (from Florence)
80
contrapposto
when a person stands with weight on one foot more than the other.
81
Were was the "high renaissance" centered in
Rome
82
who were the three "renaissance popes, that provided tremendous patronage to the arts
Alexander VI, Julius II and Leo X
83
what were the characteristics of the high renaissance
classical balance, harmony, restraint
84
who was Bramante
he was the principal architect of the rebuilt St.Peters cathedral
85
Who was Leonardo da vinci
he was seen as the "quintessential renaissance man"
he was a painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, writer, and scientist
he made the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper
86
what was the Hanseatic League
A commercial and military association formed by a bunch of North German city-states. It had a monopoly on a lot of traded goods
87
What new industries began to become prominent at the beginning of the 15th century (the 1400s)
Mining, printing, and metallurgy
88
What was the first estate
clergy
89
what was the secon estate
nobility
90
what was the third estate?
peasants
91
What did the Medici family run in Florence
a banks
92
Where did slavery briefly return
spain
93
Why was the idea of family different during the renaissance than it is now
servants were considered a part of the family
94
what are the liberal studies
history, moral philosophy, eloquence, grammar, logic, poetry,mathematics, astronomy, and music
95
how was king Henry VII able to keep in power
he avoided wars, so that he could charge less on taxes.
96
What were the two major kingdoms in Spain
Castile, and Aragon
97
Who were the two people that got married and unified Spain
Isabella (from Castile) and Ferdinand (from Aragon)
98
What was the Spanish inquisition
It was created in Spain to make sure that converted Jews stayed Christian
99
what dynasty controlled the Holy Roman Empire
Hapsburg dynasty
100
How was the Hapsburg dynasty able to stay in power
strategic marriages to powerful people
101
What country was the biggest threat to Eastern Europe
Ottoman Turks
102
What empire did the Ottoman Turks destroy
The Byzantine Empire
103
What were the two threats to the Roman catholic church
Lollardy and Hussitism
104
What was Lollardy
was led by theologist John Wyclif, he believed that there was no scripture that gave the pope authority and that the Bible should be every Christian’s sole authority.
105
What was Hussitism
Hussitism was started by Johhn Hus (chancellor at the university of Prague.) he believed that the clergy was corrupt, and its excessive power need to end.
106
What was the council of Constance
made to try and reform the church, made two decrees that both failed
107
what was the Sacronacata
a decree made by the council of Constance that said that the council had authority from god and could make the pope do what they said
108
The frequent
a decree made by the council of Constance that said the council would coninue to be held to finish the reforming of the church
109
What was Julius the second known for
He was known as the warrior pope because he would lead his armies into battle.
