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PhyMod > Diathermy > Flashcards

Diathermy Flashcards

1
Q

Energy is transmitted by

A
  • Oscillatory motion in the form of magnetic waves

- Propagated through space

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2
Q

Electromagnetic radiation consists of

A
  • Alternating magnetic and electric fields varying over time

- Oriented perpendicular to each other

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3
Q

Both electric and magnetic fields are the consequence of

A
  • Attraction and repulsion of electric charges
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4
Q

Magnetic effect is caused by

A
  • Moving electric charges
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5
Q

Electric field is caused by

A
  • Stationary electric charges
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6
Q

All EM waves travel through space at what speed

A
  • 3x10^8 m/s

- Speed of light

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7
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum is composed of

A
  • Various wave energies arranged in order

- Depicts EM waves

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8
Q

EM spectrum is grouped acc to

A
  • Wavelength
    • Frequency
    • Energy
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9
Q

Wave length is defined as

A
  • Distance from peak of one wave to peak of another

- Can be in nm or m

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10
Q

Enumerate EM waves on EM spectrum in order from widest to narrowest

A
  • Radio
    • Microwave
    • Infrared
    • Visible
    • Ultaviolet
    • Xray
    • Gamma ray
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11
Q

Wavelength is ______ proportional to frequency.

A
  • inversely
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12
Q

Energy unit of measurement

A
  • Electron volt
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13
Q

Energy of photon is computed by

A
  • Frequency x plank’s constant
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14
Q

Ionization is process of

A
  • Removing ion from orbit
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15
Q

(Ionizing/non-ionizing) can cause harm

A

ionizing

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16
Q

What waves are under non-ionizing

A
  • Radio
    • Microwave
    • Infrared
    • Visible
    • UV (the wider waves)
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17
Q

If ionization is > ? Then it is ionizing agents

A

10 electronvolt

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18
Q

Fates of em waves

A
  • Reflected
    • Refracted
    • Transmitted
    • Absorbed
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19
Q

Diathermy is what wave

A
  • Lower frequency Radio and microwaves
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20
Q

Diathermy uses ___ as energy transfer

A
  • Radiation
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21
Q

Diathermy means

A
  • To heat through
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22
Q

Who first used diathermy and when

A
  • 1892

- Jacques arsene d arsonval

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23
Q

Diathermy is the use of ___ and ___ waves that produces heat

A
  • Shortwave

- Microwave

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24
Q

Diff types of diathermy

A
  • Longwave
    • Shortwave
    • Microwave
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25
Q

Long wave is still being used. T or F.

A

False

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26
Q

Shortwave wavelength

A
  • 30-3 m
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27
Q

Shortwave frequency

A
  • 10-100 mhz
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28
Q

Microwave wavelength

A
  • 3-0.03 m
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29
Q

Microwave frequency

A
  • 300 mhz-300 ghz
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30
Q

Frequency bands of shortwave

A
  • 13.56 mhz
    • 27.13 mhz
    • 40.68 mhz
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31
Q

Most commonly used frequency band of shortwave

A

27.13 mhz

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32
Q

Most commonly used frequency band of shortwave

A
  • 27.13 mhz
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33
Q

Microwave diathermy frequency bands

A
  • 433.9 mhz
    • 915 mhz
    • 2450 mhz
34
Q

Most commonly used microwave frequency band

A
  • 2450 mhz
35
Q

Factors that affect absorption

A
  • Amount of energy

- Tissue type

36
Q

SWD heats deeper vs superficial. T or F.

A

True

37
Q

Ultrasound can heat a larger surface area than SWD. T or F.

A

False

38
Q

SWD is harmful to periosteum. T or F.

A

False

39
Q

SWD heat focuses most on

A

soft tissues

40
Q

MWD has reflection of radiation. T or F.

A

True

41
Q

MWD heat is concentrated on

A

fat

42
Q

MWD penetrates the shallowest and therefore focuses on more superficial. T or F.

A

False, penetrates deepest but focuses on superficial.

43
Q

With SWD, there is danger of overheating fats. T or F.

A

False, it is MWD.

44
Q

Thermal effects are achieved in

A

continuous mode

45
Q

thermal effects of daithermy (8)

A
  • Pain control
    • Inc tissue healing
    • Inc blood flow
    • Inc metabolism
    • Dec joint stiffness
    • Inc collagen extensibility
    • Muscle relax
    • In conjunction w stretching to inc rom
46
Q

non thermal effects (5)

A
  • Inc microvascular perfusion (better deliver of oxygen to tissues) - wound healing
    • Modulates cell growth and division
      ○ Can accelerate if slow and inhibit if fast
    • Accelerates calcium binding to calmodulin
      ○ Calmodulin activates cross brisges
    • Inc rate of phagocytosis
      Inc atp activity
47
Q

Two methods of applying SWD

A
  • Capacitive plates/ electric field method

- Inductive coils/magnetic field

48
Q

Method of applying MWD

A
  • Magnetron (condenser)
49
Q

Capacitive plates is made of

A
  • Metal encased in plastic housing or carbon rubber electrodes
50
Q

How does electric field method work?

A

Current flows from one plate to other (there are 2 plates), produces an electric field

51
Q

Techniques of application for capacitive plates

A
  • Contra-planar/ transverse positioning
    ○ Sandwich tissue in between plates
    • Coplanar positioning
      ○ Apply parallel on same body surface
52
Q

More heating will occur on plate nearer to tissue. T or F.

A

T

53
Q

Diff types of electrodes/condensers

A
  • Plates

- Pads

54
Q

Distance between electrodes and skin should be

A
  • 1-3 inches
55
Q

In capacitive plates heating occurs mostly on

A
  • Tissues with conductivity
    ○ Muscle
    • Produces more heat on superficial tissues
56
Q

Fats can block effectivity of capacitive plates. T or F.

A

True

57
Q

Inductive coil/magnetic field method

A
  • AC produces magnetic field
    • Induces electrical eddy currents in tissues
    • Oscillation of charged particles
    • Friction generates heat
58
Q

Types of electrodes

A 
- Drums
		○ Diplode
		○ Monode
	- Sleeves with cables
		○ Circumferential on limbs
59
Q

Inductive coils heats which part the most

A
  • Tissues with highest conductivity
    ○ Muscles
    • Heats tissues closest to applicator
60
Q

Fat is not an issue when it comes to inductive coils. T or F.

A

True

61
Q

Distance for inductive coil

A

slight air gap

62
Q

Factors affecting field distribution in shortwave

A
  • Spacing
    ○ Closer = more superficial
    • Electrode size
      ○ Smaller = more superficial
63
Q

Magnetron (condenser)

A
  • Produces high frequency AC in antenna to create em field

- Microwave

64
Q

Magnetron is used for

A
  • Smaller more defined areas
65
Q

Tissue heating effect of magnetron

A
  • Most heating occurs on tissues with highest conductivity

- Focus on relatively superficial structures (skin and fat)

66
Q

Distance of magnetron

A
  • Few inches
67
Q

Inductive coil heating on fat, muscle, and bone

A
  • Fat: minimum
    • Muscle: maximum
    • Bone: none
68
Q

Capacitive plate heating on fat, muscle, and bone

A
  • Fat: maximum
    • Muscle: moderate
    • Bone: low
69
Q

Magnetron heating on fat, muscle, and bone

A
  • Fat: maximum
    • Muscle: maximum
    • Bone: none
70
Q

Ultrasound heating on fat, muscle, and bone

A
  • Fat: slight
    • Muscle: maximum
    • Bone: none
71
Q

Dose 1

A
  • Non thermal

- Acute injuries

72
Q

Dose 2

A
  • Mild heat

- For sub acute

73
Q

Dose 3

A
  • Moderate comfortable heat

- Pain muscle spasm, chronic inflammation

74
Q

Dose 4

A
  • Vigorous

- Blood flow increase, heating of collagen fibers for stretching

75
Q

Thermal indications

A
  • Pain control
    • Accelerate tissue healing
    • Decrease joint stiffness
    • Increase soft tissue extensibility
76
Q

non-thermal indications

A
  • Pain and edema due to modification of cell membrane function
    • Soft tissue healing
      ○ Inc collagen formaiton
      ○ Inc white blood cell infiltration
      ○ phagocytosis
    • Nerve and bone healing on animal studies
77
Q

Contraindications

A
  • Pacemakers
    • Electronic implants
    • Metal implants
    • Malignancies
    • Thrombophlebitis
    • Over abdomen, low back, or pelvis of pregnant women
78
Q

Contraindications for only thermal

A
  • Eyes or testes
    • Over growing epiphyses
    • Hemorrhage
    • Contact lenses
    • Deep tissues (internal organs)
79
Q

Precautions

A
  • External electronic medical devices nearby should be 3-5 m away from diathermy
    • Copper bearing intrauterine device
    • Obesity
    • Impaired sensation or circulation
    • Decreased consciousness
    • Over moist clothes or accumulated sweats
    • Over atrophic, infected, or damaged skin
    • (PSWD) Over growing epiphyses of children, for everything else it’s a contraindication
    • Excessive exposure of pt to radiation
      ○ Stay 1-2 m away from continuous
      0.5-1m for pulsed
80
Q

Adverse effects of diathermy

A
  • Burns or blistering
81
Q

Documentation

A
  • Continuous SWD x distance x duration on treatment area to rationale
    • Pulsed SWD x distance x duration x (how many times a day) on treatment area to rationale
82
Q

Most commonly used dosage

A
  • Between 2 and 3

- Mild comfortable dry heat

PhyMod (12 decks)

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