Diaphragm & trunk

Question 1

Parts of the vertebral column

Answer 1

• Cervical (7)
• Thoracic (12)
• Lumbar (5)
• Sacral (5)
• Coccyx) (4)

Question 2

What is spondylolysis?

Answer 2

Degeneration of vertebral (neural) arch and as a result, the superior and inferior facets

Question 3

What is spondylolisthesis?

Answer 3

When the L5 vertebra breaks, anterior displacement of the L5 on S1 takes place, reducing spinal foramen, compressing them and causing back pain parenthesis

Question 4

What are intercostals?

Answer 4

The thoracic continuation of the abdominal external ad internal oblique muscles

Question 5

Diaphragm

Answer 5

• Most important muscle in respiration

- Contracts down in inspiration and relaxes in expiration

Question 6

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

Answer 6

Diaphragm

Question 7

What are the three opening in the diaphragm?

Answer 7

• Inferior vena cava
• Esophagus
• Aorta

Question 8

Rectus Abdominus

Answer 8

• These are the “abs”

- Has the linea alba (white line)

Question 9

External oblique

Answer 9

• The most superficial of the three side abdominal muscles
• Its fibers angle obliquely downward and medially
• You can palpate if you do the motion as if you’re putting your hands into your pocket

Question 10

Internal oblique

Answer 10

• The middle of the three layers of the abdominal wall muscles
• Important in forced expiration, coughing, and sneezing
• To palpate this muscle, cross your arms over your abdomen with your fingertips on the anterior-superior iliac spine (ASIS)

Question 11

Transverse abdominis

Answer 11

• The inner-most of the three abdominal muscle layers

- Its fibers runs horizontally while the two abdominal muscle layers’ fibers runs obliquely

Question 12

Linea alba

Answer 12

• Ventral midline fibrous band extending from the xiphoid process to the pubis
• Midline union of the aponeurotic sheath which cover the abdominal muscles

Question 13

Erector spinae

Answer 13

• Erector spinae muscles go into powerful spasms following injury to back structures
• Covered by thoracolumbar and nuchal fascia and lie superficial to transversospinalis

Question 14

Erector spinae muscles

Answer 14

1. Iliocostalis (lateral layer)
2. Longissimus (middle layer)
3. Spinalis (medial layer)

Question 15

Three Iliocostalis (erector spinae) muscles

Answer 15

1. Iliocostalis Cervicis
2. Iliocostalis Thoracis
3. iliocostalis Lumborum

Question 16

What is the common erector spinae problem?

Answer 16

“Back strain”

Question 17

Three Longissimus (erector spinae) muscles

Answer 17

1. Longissimus Cervicis
2. Longissimus Capitis
3. Longissimus Thoracis

Question 18

Three Spinalis (erector spinae) muscles

Answer 18

1. Spinalis Capitis
2. Spinalis Cervicis
3. Spinalis Thoracis

Question 19

Multifidus

Answer 19

• They lie deep to the erector spinae

- This group extends and rotates the spine

Question 20

Serratus Posterior Superior

Answer 20

• Raises ribs to increase thoracic cavity during inspiration

- This muscle lies under the rhomboideus next to the ribs

Question 21

Serratus Posterior Inferior

Answer 21

-Draws ribs outwards and downward counteracting the inward pull of the diaphragm during expiration

Question 22

Levatores Costarum

Answer 22

-Raises ribs in inspiration

Question 23

Quadratus Lumborum

Answer 23

-This muscle can be remembered for its action as “hip hiker”

Question 24

Scalenes

Answer 24

• A greek work for “uneven” which describes the shape of these muscles.
• The brachial plexus passes between the anterior scalenus and middle scalenus.

Question 25

Sternocleidomastoid

Answer 25

- Named for its attachments - -Divides cervical region into anterior and posterior triangles - It is a key muscular landmark in the neck

Question 26

Spasms in sternocleidomastoid can cause?

Answer 26

"wryneck" or torticollis

Question 27

Chewing muscles

Answer 27

- Mandible - Maxilla - Temporal Bone - Zygomatic bone and arch

Question 28

Masseter

Answer 28

Elevates mandible to close it, and protrudes mandible

Question 29

Buccinator

Answer 29

Maintains cheek tension near teeth to keep food in position for chewing

Question 30

Temporal muscles

Answer 30

Closes mandibles, retrudes mandible

Question 31

Obicularis oris

Answer 31

Lip closure

Question 32

Lateral pterygoid

Answer 32

Together, they protrude mandible; | acting alone, they produce side to side movements

Question 33

Medial pterygoid

Answer 33

acting together, they help to elevate mandible; | acting alone, they work with the lateral pterygoids to produce grinding motion

Question 34

Muscles of inspiration

Answer 34

sternocleidomastoid scalenes external intercostals diaphragm

Question 35

Muscles of expiration

Answer 35

``` internal intercostals external oblique internal oblique transverse oblique rectus abdominis ```