Diaphragm & trunk Flashcards
Parts of the vertebral column
- Cervical (7)
- Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar (5)
- Sacral (5)
- Coccyx) (4)
What is spondylolysis?
Degeneration of vertebral (neural) arch and as a result, the superior and inferior facets
What is spondylolisthesis?
When the L5 vertebra breaks, anterior displacement of the L5 on S1 takes place, reducing spinal foramen, compressing them and causing back pain parenthesis
What are intercostals?
The thoracic continuation of the abdominal external ad internal oblique muscles
Diaphragm
- Most important muscle in respiration
- Contracts down in inspiration and relaxes in expiration
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
What are the three opening in the diaphragm?
- Inferior vena cava
- Esophagus
- Aorta
Rectus Abdominus
- These are the “abs”
- Has the linea alba (white line)
External oblique
- The most superficial of the three side abdominal muscles
- Its fibers angle obliquely downward and medially
- You can palpate if you do the motion as if you’re putting your hands into your pocket
Internal oblique
- The middle of the three layers of the abdominal wall muscles
- Important in forced expiration, coughing, and sneezing
- To palpate this muscle, cross your arms over your abdomen with your fingertips on the anterior-superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Transverse abdominis
- The inner-most of the three abdominal muscle layers
- Its fibers runs horizontally while the two abdominal muscle layers’ fibers runs obliquely
Linea alba
- Ventral midline fibrous band extending from the xiphoid process to the pubis
- Midline union of the aponeurotic sheath which cover the abdominal muscles
Erector spinae
- Erector spinae muscles go into powerful spasms following injury to back structures
- Covered by thoracolumbar and nuchal fascia and lie superficial to transversospinalis
Erector spinae muscles
- Iliocostalis (lateral layer)
- Longissimus (middle layer)
- Spinalis (medial layer)
Three Iliocostalis (erector spinae) muscles
- Iliocostalis Cervicis
- Iliocostalis Thoracis
- iliocostalis Lumborum
What is the common erector spinae problem?
“Back strain”
Three Longissimus (erector spinae) muscles
- Longissimus Cervicis
- Longissimus Capitis
- Longissimus Thoracis
Three Spinalis (erector spinae) muscles
- Spinalis Capitis
- Spinalis Cervicis
- Spinalis Thoracis
Multifidus
- They lie deep to the erector spinae
- This group extends and rotates the spine
Serratus Posterior Superior
- Raises ribs to increase thoracic cavity during inspiration
- This muscle lies under the rhomboideus next to the ribs
Serratus Posterior Inferior
-Draws ribs outwards and downward counteracting the inward pull of the diaphragm during expiration
Levatores Costarum
-Raises ribs in inspiration
Quadratus Lumborum
-This muscle can be remembered for its action as “hip hiker”
Scalenes
- A greek work for “uneven” which describes the shape of these muscles.
- The brachial plexus passes between the anterior scalenus and middle scalenus.
Sternocleidomastoid
- Named for its attachments
- -Divides cervical region into anterior and posterior triangles
- It is a key muscular landmark in the neck
Spasms in sternocleidomastoid can cause?
“wryneck” or torticollis
Chewing muscles
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- Temporal Bone
- Zygomatic bone and arch
Masseter
Elevates mandible to close it, and protrudes mandible
Buccinator
Maintains cheek tension near teeth to keep food in position for chewing
Temporal muscles
Closes mandibles, retrudes mandible
Obicularis oris
Lip closure
Lateral pterygoid
Together, they protrude mandible;
acting alone, they produce side to side movements
Medial pterygoid
acting together, they help to elevate mandible;
acting alone, they work with the lateral pterygoids to produce grinding motion
Muscles of inspiration
sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
external intercostals
diaphragm
Muscles of expiration
internal intercostals external oblique internal oblique transverse oblique rectus abdominis
