Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques

Question 1

Leukocytes are typically ______ in the presence of infection which is called _______.

Answer 1

elevated
leukocytosis

Question 2

What are granulocytes?

Answer 2

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Question 3

What are agranulocytes?

Answer 3

lymphocytes
monocytes

Question 4

What are the different white blood cells from most to least abundant?

Answer 4

Never let monkeys eat bananas
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

Question 5

When do we see neutrophils?

Answer 5

bacterial infections
fungal infections
physiological stress

Question 6

What cell arrives first at an infection?

Answer 6

neutrophils

Question 7

What is a left shift?

Answer 7

Increase in immature neutrophils/bands due to increase in proliferation due to an early acute bacterial infection

Question 8

When do we see lymphocytes?

Answer 8

viral infections
leukemias and lymphomas

Question 9

What are the types of lymphocytes?

Answer 9

B cells
T cells
Natural killer cells

Question 10

Where are most lymphocytes?

Answer 10

In the lymph

Question 11

When do we see monocytes?

Answer 11

Late or chronic infection

Question 12

What can monocytes turn into?

Answer 12

Macrophages

Question 13

What is the largest WBC?

Answer 13

Monocytes

Question 14

When do we see eosinophils?

Answer 14

Allergic reactions
parasitic infections
chronic skin conditions

Question 15

Where are eosinophils most commonly found?

Answer 15

skin, airways, blood

Question 16

When do we see basophils?

Answer 16

hypersensitivity reactions

Question 17

What do basophils release?

Answer 17

inflammatory mediators (histamine, leukotrienes, serotonin)

Question 18

What is the least common cause of leukocytosis?

Answer 18

Basophils

Question 19

Why don’t we do a UA on the first pee of the morning?

Answer 19

Want urine that has only been in the bladder for 2-3 hours

Question 20

What does cloudy/turbiness indicate?

Answer 20

Pyuria/ infection in the urine

Question 21

What are nitrites?

Answer 21

Produced by gram negative bacteria, indicates infection

Question 22

What is leukocyte esterase?

Answer 22

enzyme produced by WBC, indicates infection

Question 23

What do casts indicate?

Answer 23

Kidney infection

Question 24

What do epithelial cells indicate?

Answer 24

Contamination

Question 25

What do clue cells indicate?

Answer 25

Bacterial vaginosis

Question 26

What do protozoans indicate?

Answer 26

Trichomonas

Question 27

What is a KOH prep used for?

Answer 27

Visualization of fungal cells (budding yeast and pseudohyphae)

Question 28

Where is a lumbar puncture preformed?

Answer 28

L3-L4 or L4-L5

Question 29

What are the CSF analysis tubes?

Answer 29

1. Cell count and differential 2. Glucose and protein levels 3. Gram stain, C&S 4. Other

Question 30

What does increased CSF pressure indicate?

Answer 30

Infection, tumors, intracranial bleed

Question 31

What does decreased CSF pressure indicate?

Answer 31

Dehydration, CSF leak

Question 32

What color is normal for CSF

Answer 32

Clear and colorless

Question 33

What does cloudy/turbid CSF indicate?

Answer 33

infection

Question 34

What does xanthochromia indicate? (yellow)

Answer 34

Bleeding

Question 35

What does thick CSF indicate?

Answer 35

infection or malignancy

Question 36

What do RBCs in CSF indicate?

Answer 36

Bleed or traumatic tap

Question 37

What does a low CSF glucose indicate?

Answer 37

infection, malignancy

Question 38

What does elevated protein in the CSF indicate?

Answer 38

infection, malignancy, autoimmune disease

Question 39

What does lactic acid show in CSF?

Answer 39

elevated in bacterial and fungal infections

Question 40

What does lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) indicate?

Answer 40

elevated in bacterial infections and leukemia

Question 41

What does C-Reactive Protein indicate?

Answer 41

elevated with inflammation and bacterial infection

Question 42

What does transudate on a pleural fluid analysis indicate?

Answer 42

An imbalance between the pressure within blood vessels and the amount of protein in the blood, causing an accumulation of fluid. Caused by CHF or cirrhosis

Question 43

What does exudate on a pleural fluid analysis indicate?

Answer 43

caused by injury or inflammation of the pleura resulting in pleural effusion. Caused by infectious disease, bleeding, inflammatory conditions, malignancies

Question 44

What is light's criteria used for?

Answer 44

Determines if pleural fluid is transudative or exudative

Question 45

What does white pleural fluid indicate?

Answer 45

Lymphatic system involvement

Question 46

What does reddish pleural fluid indicate?

Answer 46

Blood

Question 47

What does cloudy thick pleural fluid indicate?

Answer 47

Microorganisms and WBC

Question 48

Why do you preform a arthrocentesis?

Answer 48

To diagnose the cause of joint effusion

Question 49

What viscosity is normal for a arthrocentesis?

Answer 49

Stringy

Question 50

Can a chest x-ray give a diagnosis?

Answer 50

yes but not the underlying cause! So PNA but not the causative organism

Question 51

What organisms hold a gram stain?

Answer 51

Gram + due to layers of peptidoglycan

Question 52

What stain to atypicals take?

Answer 52

They typically do not stain

Question 53

What are the indications for stool cultures?

Answer 53

Diarrhea for several days Ingestion of suspect foods Recent international travel

Question 54

What does rust colored sputum indicate?

Answer 54

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 55

What does yellow green sputum indicate?

Answer 55

Haemophilus influenzae

Question 56

What does green sputum indicate?

Answer 56

Pseudomonas

Question 57

What does red currant jelly sputum indicate?

Answer 57

Klebsiella

Question 58

What does bloody sputum indicate?

Answer 58

TB

Question 59

What does foul smelling/tasting sputum indicate?

Answer 59

anaerobes

Question 60

What does thin/scant sticky sputum indicate?

Answer 60

atypicals-mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae