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ID/ENT > Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques > Flashcards

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

Leukocytes are typically ______ in the presence of infection which is called _______.

A

elevated
leukocytosis

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2
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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3
Q

What are agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes
monocytes

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4
Q

What are the different white blood cells from most to least abundant?

A

Never let monkeys eat bananas
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

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5
Q

When do we see neutrophils?

A

bacterial infections
fungal infections
physiological stress

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6
Q

What cell arrives first at an infection?

A

neutrophils

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7
Q

What is a left shift?

A

Increase in immature neutrophils/bands due to increase in proliferation due to an early acute bacterial infection

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8
Q

When do we see lymphocytes?

A

viral infections
leukemias and lymphomas

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9
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells
T cells
Natural killer cells

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10
Q

Where are most lymphocytes?

A

In the lymph

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11
Q

When do we see monocytes?

A

Late or chronic infection

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12
Q

What can monocytes turn into?

A

Macrophages

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13
Q

What is the largest WBC?

A

Monocytes

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14
Q

When do we see eosinophils?

A

Allergic reactions
parasitic infections
chronic skin conditions

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15
Q

Where are eosinophils most commonly found?

A

skin, airways, blood

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16
Q

When do we see basophils?

A

hypersensitivity reactions

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17
Q

What do basophils release?

A

inflammatory mediators (histamine, leukotrienes, serotonin)

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18
Q

What is the least common cause of leukocytosis?

A

Basophils

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19
Q

Why don’t we do a UA on the first pee of the morning?

A

Want urine that has only been in the bladder for 2-3 hours

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20
Q

What does cloudy/turbiness indicate?

A

Pyuria/ infection in the urine

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21
Q

What are nitrites?

A

Produced by gram negative bacteria, indicates infection

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22
Q

What is leukocyte esterase?

A

enzyme produced by WBC, indicates infection

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23
Q

What do casts indicate?

A

Kidney infection

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24
Q

What do epithelial cells indicate?

A

Contamination

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25
Q

What do clue cells indicate?

A

Bacterial vaginosis

26
Q

What do protozoans indicate?

A

Trichomonas

27
Q

What is a KOH prep used for?

A

Visualization of fungal cells (budding yeast and pseudohyphae)

28
Q

Where is a lumbar puncture preformed?

A

L3-L4 or L4-L5

29
Q

What are the CSF analysis tubes?

A
  1. Cell count and differential
  2. Glucose and protein levels
  3. Gram stain, C&S
  4. Other
30
Q

What does increased CSF pressure indicate?

A

Infection, tumors, intracranial bleed

31
Q

What does decreased CSF pressure indicate?

A

Dehydration, CSF leak

32
Q

What color is normal for CSF

A

Clear and colorless

33
Q

What does cloudy/turbid CSF indicate?

A

infection

34
Q

What does xanthochromia indicate? (yellow)

A

Bleeding

35
Q

What does thick CSF indicate?

A

infection or malignancy

36
Q

What do RBCs in CSF indicate?

A

Bleed or traumatic tap

37
Q

What does a low CSF glucose indicate?

A

infection, malignancy

38
Q

What does elevated protein in the CSF indicate?

A

infection, malignancy, autoimmune disease

39
Q

What does lactic acid show in CSF?

A

elevated in bacterial and fungal infections

40
Q

What does lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) indicate?

A

elevated in bacterial infections and leukemia

41
Q

What does C-Reactive Protein indicate?

A

elevated with inflammation and bacterial infection

42
Q

What does transudate on a pleural fluid analysis indicate?

A

An imbalance between the pressure within blood vessels and the amount of protein in the blood, causing an accumulation of fluid.

Caused by CHF or cirrhosis

43
Q

What does exudate on a pleural fluid analysis indicate?

A

caused by injury or inflammation of the pleura resulting in pleural effusion.

Caused by infectious disease, bleeding, inflammatory conditions, malignancies

44
Q

What is light’s criteria used for?

A

Determines if pleural fluid is transudative or exudative

45
Q

What does white pleural fluid indicate?

A

Lymphatic system involvement

46
Q

What does reddish pleural fluid indicate?

A

Blood

47
Q

What does cloudy thick pleural fluid indicate?

A

Microorganisms and WBC

48
Q

Why do you preform a arthrocentesis?

A

To diagnose the cause of joint effusion

49
Q

What viscosity is normal for a arthrocentesis?

A

Stringy

50
Q

Can a chest x-ray give a diagnosis?

A

yes but not the underlying cause!
So PNA but not the causative organism

51
Q

What organisms hold a gram stain?

A

Gram + due to layers of peptidoglycan

52
Q

What stain to atypicals take?

A

They typically do not stain

53
Q

What are the indications for stool cultures?

A

Diarrhea for several days
Ingestion of suspect foods
Recent international travel

54
Q

What does rust colored sputum indicate?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

55
Q

What does yellow green sputum indicate?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

56
Q

What does green sputum indicate?

A

Pseudomonas

57
Q

What does red currant jelly sputum indicate?

A

Klebsiella

58
Q

What does bloody sputum indicate?

A

TB

59
Q

What does foul smelling/tasting sputum indicate?

A

anaerobes

60
Q

What does thin/scant sticky sputum indicate?

A

atypicals-mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae

ID/ENT (11 decks)

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