Diagnosis and Treatment Flashcards
PCR
Polymerase chain reaction
used to amplify a specific DNA target and allows it to be visualized on gel electrophoresis
3 steps of PCR
Denaturation
Annealing
Elongation/Extension
Real-time (quanitative) PCR
uses a flurescent dye to monitor viral load in a patient
Genome sequencing
process of obtaining the sequence of DNA bases to be read
Sanger dideoxy method most commonly used
Next generation sequencing
is cheaper, quicker and needed less DNA material to read
Metagenomica
study of collective set of microbial population in a sample by analyzing the sample’s entire nucleotide sequence content
Phylogenetic analysis
use of virus genome sequence to study evolution of viruses and genetic relationships
Microarrays
used for the detection of pathogens in surveillance studies. Can use a single chip for hundreds of pathogens
Antiviral drugs
interfere with virus’s ability to infiltrate target cell or targets different stages of replication
Interferons
class of proteins that has antiviral effects
Antimicrobial chemotherapy
treatment of infectious diseases by drugs that are inhibitory or lethal to pathogens
Acyclovir
antiviral that restricts herpesvirus, non-toxic to uninfected host cell
stops growing viral DNA chain
competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerase
Amantadine
antiviral and anti-Parkinson drug. Inhibits most Influenza A viruses by blocking uncoating
Neuraminidase Inhibitors
inhibits neuraminidase enzyme synthesized by Influenza A and B viruses
Anti-Retrovirus therapies
Inhibition of Fusion, reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase
ZDV/AZT
nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Has azide (N3) group instead of OH. maintenance drug, slows down HIV infection, but does not eliminate it
Protease inhibitors
inhibit proteases, prevents HIV polyproteins from cleaving into functional proteins
Vaccination
protect susceptible individuals from infection. Prevents transmission of infectious agents
Four W’s of immunization
Where, When, Who, why
Features of a good vaccine
Safe to use, effective against multiple strains, few side effects, long lasting, low cost, stable shelf life, easy to administer, benefit outweighs the risk
Live-attenuated vaccine
produced from naturally occurring attenuated viruses, the original vaccine discovered by Jenner.
Now produced by serial passage of heterologous host, in cultured cells, or by selection of cold-adapted mutants.
Non-replicating virus vaccine
produced from inactivated whole virus or killed
produced from purified native viral proteins
DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals)
subunit “marker vaccines” on have a portion of pathogen and has less antigens than natural strains.
if only antibodies to that subunit are detected then the animal has not been infected
Vector control
Source reduction
Biological control
chemical control
