Diagnosis and Treatment

Question 1

PCR

Answer 1

Polymerase chain reaction

used to amplify a specific DNA target and allows it to be visualized on gel electrophoresis

Question 2

3 steps of PCR

Answer 2

Denaturation
Annealing
Elongation/Extension

Question 3

Real-time (quanitative) PCR

Answer 3

uses a flurescent dye to monitor viral load in a patient

Question 4

Genome sequencing

Answer 4

process of obtaining the sequence of DNA bases to be read

Sanger dideoxy method most commonly used

Question 5

Next generation sequencing

Answer 5

is cheaper, quicker and needed less DNA material to read

Question 6

Metagenomica

Answer 6

study of collective set of microbial population in a sample by analyzing the sample’s entire nucleotide sequence content

Question 7

Phylogenetic analysis

Answer 7

use of virus genome sequence to study evolution of viruses and genetic relationships

Question 8

Microarrays

Answer 8

used for the detection of pathogens in surveillance studies. Can use a single chip for hundreds of pathogens

Question 9

Antiviral drugs

Answer 9

interfere with virus’s ability to infiltrate target cell or targets different stages of replication

Question 10

Interferons

Answer 10

class of proteins that has antiviral effects

Question 11

Antimicrobial chemotherapy

Answer 11

treatment of infectious diseases by drugs that are inhibitory or lethal to pathogens

Question 12

Acyclovir

Answer 12

antiviral that restricts herpesvirus, non-toxic to uninfected host cell
stops growing viral DNA chain
competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerase

Question 13

Amantadine

Answer 13

antiviral and anti-Parkinson drug. Inhibits most Influenza A viruses by blocking uncoating

Question 14

Neuraminidase Inhibitors

Answer 14

inhibits neuraminidase enzyme synthesized by Influenza A and B viruses

Question 15

Anti-Retrovirus therapies

Answer 15

Inhibition of Fusion, reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase

Question 16

ZDV/AZT

Answer 16

nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Has azide (N3) group instead of OH.
maintenance drug, slows down HIV infection, but does not eliminate it

Question 17

Protease inhibitors

Answer 17

inhibit proteases, prevents HIV polyproteins from cleaving into functional proteins

Question 18

Vaccination

Answer 18

protect susceptible individuals from infection. Prevents transmission of infectious agents

Question 19

Four W’s of immunization

Answer 19

Where, When, Who, why

Question 20

Features of a good vaccine

Answer 20

Safe to use, effective against multiple strains, few side effects, long lasting, low cost, stable shelf life, easy to administer, benefit outweighs the risk

Question 21

Live-attenuated vaccine

Answer 21

produced from naturally occurring attenuated viruses, the original vaccine discovered by Jenner.
Now produced by serial passage of heterologous host, in cultured cells, or by selection of cold-adapted mutants.

Question 22

Non-replicating virus vaccine

Answer 22

produced from inactivated whole virus or killed

produced from purified native viral proteins

Question 23

DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals)

Answer 23

subunit “marker vaccines” on have a portion of pathogen and has less antigens than natural strains.
if only antibodies to that subunit are detected then the animal has not been infected

Question 24

Vector control

Answer 24

Source reduction
Biological control
chemical control

Question 25

reducing contact potential

Answer 25

Isolation, Quarantine, Population control programs, culling and disposal, protection of portals of entry

Question 26

Decontamination

Answer 26

process that renders a medical instrument/environment surface safe to handle
ranges from sterilation to simple cleaning

Question 27

Sterilization

Answer 27

all or nothing process, destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life

Question 28

disinfection

Answer 28

eliminates most or all pathogen microbes, except spores. less effective than sterilization

Question 29

Antisepsis

Answer 29

application of liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue to inhibit/destory microorganisms

Question 30

Sterilization method: Moist Heat

Answer 30

use of steam, Autoclave.

to 121 C for 15 minutes at 15 psi pressure

Question 31

Sterilization method: Dry heat

Answer 31

Hot air oven, at least 2 hours at 160 C

Question 32

Sterilization method: Chemical methods

Answer 32

Gases- Ethylene oxide, ozone

Hydrogen peroxide at high conc.

Question 33

Sterilization method: radiation

Answer 33

• Non-ionizing: ultraviolet radiation

- ionizing: Gamma rays, X-rays

Question 34

Sterilization method: Sterile filtration

Answer 34

Microfilitration using membrane filters. Pore size

Question 35

OIE

Answer 35

World animal health information system (WAHIS)

Question 36

Farm biosecurity

Answer 36

comprises all measures taken to minimize the risk of introduction and spread of infectious agents

Question 37

Biosecurity measures

Answer 37

Housing and management
Vermin and bird control
purchasing policy
People (visitors and workers)