Diacritics Flashcards Flashcards by Rebecca Williams

What is the symbol for nasalisation?

ñ symbol over any sound other than nasals

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What sounds can be nasalised

any sounds other than nasals

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What is the rationale for nasalisation?

linked to the velum lowering in anticipation of a nasal sound, or a non-instantaneous (gradual) raising following one

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What is the devoicing diacritic?

A circle beneath the devoiced sound, but can go above the sound if that slot is filled

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What sounds can be devoiced in all languages?

Only voiced sounds

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What sounds are devoiced in English? (5)

Voiced obstruents, followed or preceded by a pause
Nasals (especially after s)
l, w, j after voiceless plosives (eg in play) not in splay or spray tho
r in SI CC clusters after voiceless plosives
syllabic consonants after voiceless sounds

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What is the rationale for devoicing in English?

Usually linked to non-instantaneous nation of VF vibration

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What are the 3 diacritics for aspiration?

h: aspirated
(h): partially aspirated
=: unaspirated/ negligibly

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What are the restrictions of aspiration?

Only a feature of obstruent consonants

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What are the obstruent consonants? examples and explanation of what they are

Plosives, fricatives, affricates
Sounds which have obstruction in their production

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What are sonorants? Give examples

Sounds where air flows freely through the vocal tract - no obstruction - creating resonance
Vowels, nasals, approximates

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When is aspiration seen (in typical english)?

In voiceless plosives

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When are sounds aspirated?

In stressed SI positions

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When are sounds partially aspirated?

In unstressed SI positions, sometimes in WF position

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When are sounds unaspirated?

usually following s

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What is the no audible release diacritic?

Right angle in upper corner of letter

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What sounds can have a no audible release diacritic?

A feature of stop/plosive consonants

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When is no audible release seen in English? give 2 examples

When one plosive is the first member in a 2 plosive combination
such headboard and cardboard
One option for word-final voiceless plosives such as sack

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What is the nasal release diacritic?

a superscript n to the upper right hand side of the sound

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What is the lateral release diacritic?

a superscript l to the upper right hand side of the sound

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Explain nasal release in english.
where can it be seen?

built up air released by dropping the velum first (rather than the oral closure) - may be possible in any context
ECONOMY OF EFFORT
plosive followed by a homorganic plosive

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Is nasal release common in disordered speech?

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Explain lateral release in english. where can it be seen?

built up air released by dropping the sides of the tongue (an incomplete release)
Any sound
ECONOMY OF EFFORT

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Is lateral release common in disordered speech?

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When is a nasal release diacritic seen in English? give 2 examples

A plosive followed by a homorganic nasal consonant (articulated in same PLACE as the plosive) such as button or catnap

When is a lateral release diacritic seen in English? Give an example

Plosive releases at one or both side margins - a plosive followed by an l botl

What is a lateral release diacritic?

A superscript l to the upper right of the sound

What is the diacritic for advancement?

A plus sign beneath the sound

What is the diacritic for dentalisation?

A bridge sound underneath the sound

What is the diacritic for retraction?

a minus sign beneath the sound

What does it mean if a sound is advanced?

It is further forward than the norm or default articulation

When is an advanced sound seen in English?

In a velar sound found before front vowels and j

When is a retracted sound seen in English?

When a velar sound is found before a back vowel When an alveolar is found before a post or palato alveolar sound, the alveolar sound is retracted

What are the back vowels causing retraction?

ɔ, ɒ, u, a

What are the front vowels causing advancement?

i, e, æ, I

What is a dentalised sound?

A form of advancement where sounds are moved to dental line

When are dentalised sounds found in English? give an example of each

Often alveolar sounds are dentalised before dental fricatives Dentalised bilabials before labiodental sounds, obvious bad thoughts

What is the raising diacritic

Up tack beneath sound

Define a raised sound (year 2)

is where an ɹ is at least partially fricated

What does it mean if a sound is partially fricated?

When the gap between the articulators is narrower than the norm

Where is raising seen in English? give an example

Where ɹ is in a onset cluster, following t and d - drain, train

Where raising is present with a t, what else must be marked on the r?

devoicing

What are the diacritics for length ?

No length mark - nothing Half-long - an upside down triangle at upper right Long - two triangles pointing towards each other on the right of the vowels Short/extra short, 2 sets of 2 triangles pointing towards each other on the right side of the vowel

a vowel preceding a fortis consonant is ...

Clipped

a fortis consonant is defined as ...

voiceless consonants - with strength

a lenis consonant is

voiced

Which has the shortest vowel length man management manage

management

Syllables ending with certain consonants are like to have shorten the following consonant - which are these and give examples

l, m, n, ŋ bang vs bank bell vs belt

What is the glottal reinforcement diacritic

superscript glottal stop to upper left of sound

What is the definition of glottal reinforcement

Simultaneous reinforcement with a glottal closure (sometimes called pre-glottalisation)

what are the 4 main uses in the accents of english that have glottal reinforcement with examples

1. Supporting coda /p, t, k, tʃ/ - usually found with coda position voiceless stops especially before another c, or pause - sleepwalking, dont like, locksmith, lipstick, backtrack 2. supporting intervocalic /tʃ, t/ - nature, petrol 3. hiatus blocking - at syllable boundaries involving vowels - coOperate, instead of an intrusive /ɹ/ - drama Andmusic, not dramaandmusic 4. emphasis. especially in emphasised initial vowels such as I haven't seen Anybody

What is the labialisation diacritic?

a superscript w to the upper right hand side of the sound

where is labialisation common?

in consonants before rounded sounds such as ɔ, u, əʊ, ʊə some speakers use rounding in ʃ, ʒ, ɹ, tʃ, dʒ always, unless before spread vowels

what is labialisation

Where consonants are rounded (usually in anticipation of a rounded sound)

what is the palatalisation diacritic?

a superscript j to the upper right hand of the sound

What is palatalisation?

addition of front close vowel resonance added to a non-palatal consonant during production, so cannot apply to /j/

What are 3 things to consider in palatalisation when assessing?

It is contrastive in some languages such as Russian it can sometimes be found in disordered speech It is not the same as phonological palatalisation

when is palatalisation used in English? give 2 examples

allophonic where id does occur, only sound in some speakers eg. leaf and suit can be said with and without palatalisation

Why does palatalisation occur?

Ancitipating a sound palatal gesture - front vowels and /j/

What is the velarisation symbol?

The chiary symbol as superscript to the upper right hand side of the symbol

What is velarisation?

Raising the back of the tongue towards the velum in addition to another articulatory gesture - cannot occur in velar sounds

Can velarisation occur in velar sounds? why not

no, it has to be in addition to another articulatory gesture - cannot occur in velar sounds

Where is velarisation typical in English?

in /l/ in the syllable coda, or as a syllabic consonant

What is another name for velarised l

Dark l

where are light l's usually found?

usually at the beginning of a sound - before vowels unless front vowels

where are dark l's usually found?

usually found at the end of words, usually before a consonant or close vowel