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phonetics > Diacritics Flashcards > Flashcards

Diacritics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the symbol for nasalisation?

A

ñ symbol over any sound other than nasals

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2
Q

What sounds can be nasalised

A

any sounds other than nasals

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3
Q

What is the rationale for nasalisation?

A

linked to the velum lowering in anticipation of a nasal sound, or a non-instantaneous (gradual) raising following one

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4
Q

What is the devoicing diacritic?

A

A circle beneath the devoiced sound, but can go above the sound if that slot is filled

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5
Q

What sounds can be devoiced in all languages?

A

Only voiced sounds

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6
Q

What sounds are devoiced in English? (5)

A
  1. Voiced obstruents, followed or preceded by a pause
  2. Nasals (especially after s)
  3. l, w, j after voiceless plosives (eg in play) not in splay or spray tho
  4. r in SI CC clusters after voiceless plosives
  5. syllabic consonants after voiceless sounds
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7
Q

What is the rationale for devoicing in English?

A

Usually linked to non-instantaneous nation of VF vibration

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8
Q

What are the 3 diacritics for aspiration?

A

h: aspirated
(h): partially aspirated
=: unaspirated/ negligibly

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9
Q

What are the restrictions of aspiration?

A

Only a feature of obstruent consonants

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10
Q

What are the obstruent consonants? examples and explanation of what they are

A

Plosives, fricatives, affricates
Sounds which have obstruction in their production

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11
Q

What are sonorants? Give examples

A

Sounds where air flows freely through the vocal tract - no obstruction - creating resonance
Vowels, nasals, approximates

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12
Q

When is aspiration seen (in typical english)?

A

In voiceless plosives

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13
Q

When are sounds aspirated?

A

In stressed SI positions

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14
Q

When are sounds partially aspirated?

A

In unstressed SI positions, sometimes in WF position

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15
Q

When are sounds unaspirated?

A

usually following s

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16
Q

What is the no audible release diacritic?

A

Right angle in upper corner of letter

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17
Q

What sounds can have a no audible release diacritic?

A

A feature of stop/plosive consonants

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18
Q

When is no audible release seen in English? give 2 examples

A

When one plosive is the first member in a 2 plosive combination
such headboard and cardboard
One option for word-final voiceless plosives such as sack

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19
Q

What is the nasal release diacritic?

A

a superscript n to the upper right hand side of the sound

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20
Q

What is the lateral release diacritic?

A

a superscript l to the upper right hand side of the sound

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21
Q

Explain nasal release in english.
where can it be seen?

A

built up air released by dropping the velum first (rather than the oral closure) - may be possible in any context
ECONOMY OF EFFORT
plosive followed by a homorganic plosive

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22
Q

Is nasal release common in disordered speech?

A

No

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23
Q

Explain lateral release in english. where can it be seen?

A

built up air released by dropping the sides of the tongue (an incomplete release)
Any sound
ECONOMY OF EFFORT

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24
Q

Is lateral release common in disordered speech?

A

No

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25
Q

When is a nasal release diacritic seen in English?

give 2 examples

A

A plosive followed by a homorganic nasal consonant (articulated in same PLACE as the plosive)
such as button or catnap

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26
Q

When is a lateral release diacritic seen in English?
Give an example

A

Plosive releases at one or both side margins - a plosive followed by an l
botl

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27
Q

What is a lateral release diacritic?

A

A superscript l to the upper right of the sound

28
Q

n

A

n

29
Q

What is the diacritic for advancement?

A

A plus sign beneath the sound

30
Q

What is the diacritic for dentalisation?

A

A bridge sound underneath the sound

31
Q

What is the diacritic for retraction?

A

a minus sign beneath the sound

32
Q

What does it mean if a sound is advanced?

A

It is further forward than the norm or default articulation

33
Q

When is an advanced sound seen in English?

A

In a velar sound found before front vowels and j

34
Q

When is a retracted sound seen in English?

A

When a velar sound is found before a back vowel
When an alveolar is found before a post or palato alveolar sound, the alveolar sound is retracted

35
Q

What are the back vowels causing retraction?

A

ɔ, ɒ, u, a

36
Q

What are the front vowels causing advancement?

A

i, e, æ, I

37
Q

What is a dentalised sound?

A

A form of advancement where sounds are moved to dental line

38
Q

When are dentalised sounds found in English?
give an example of each

A

Often alveolar sounds are dentalised before dental fricatives
Dentalised bilabials before labiodental sounds, obvious
bad thoughts

39
Q

What is the raising diacritic

A

Up tack beneath sound

40
Q

Define a raised sound (year 2)

A

is where an ɹ is at least partially fricated

41
Q

What does it mean if a sound is partially fricated?

A

When the gap between the articulators is narrower than the norm

42
Q

Where is raising seen in English? give an example

A

Where ɹ is in a onset cluster, following t and d - drain, train

43
Q

Where raising is present with a t, what else must be marked on the r?

A

devoicing

44
Q

What are the diacritics for length ?

A

No length mark - nothing
Half-long - an upside down triangle at upper right
Long - two triangles pointing towards each other on the right of the vowels
Short/extra short, 2 sets of 2 triangles pointing towards each other on the right side of the vowel

45
Q

a vowel preceding a fortis consonant is …

A

Clipped

46
Q

a fortis consonant is defined as …

A

voiceless consonants - with strength

47
Q

a lenis consonant is

A

voiced

48
Q

Which has the shortest vowel length
man
management
manage

A

management

49
Q

Syllables ending with certain consonants are like to have shorten the following consonant - which are these and give examples

A

l, m, n, ŋ
bang vs bank
bell vs belt

50
Q

What is the glottal reinforcement diacritic

A

superscript glottal stop to upper left of sound

51
Q

What is the definition of glottal reinforcement

A

Simultaneous reinforcement with a glottal closure (sometimes called pre-glottalisation)

52
Q

what are the 4 main uses in the accents of english that have glottal reinforcement with examples

A
  1. Supporting coda /p, t, k, tʃ/ - usually found with coda position voiceless stops especially before another c, or pause
    - sleepwalking, dont like, locksmith, lipstick, backtrack
  2. supporting intervocalic /tʃ, t/
    - nature, petrol
  3. hiatus blocking - at syllable boundaries involving vowels - coOperate, instead of an intrusive /ɹ/ - drama Andmusic, not dramaandmusic
  4. emphasis. especially in emphasised initial vowels such as I haven’t seen Anybody
53
Q

What is the labialisation diacritic?

A

a superscript w to the upper right hand side of the sound

54
Q

where is labialisation common?

A

in consonants before rounded sounds such as ɔ, u, əʊ, ʊə
some speakers use rounding in ʃ, ʒ, ɹ, tʃ, dʒ always, unless before spread vowels

55
Q

what is labialisation

A

Where consonants are rounded (usually in anticipation of a rounded sound)

56
Q

what is the palatalisation diacritic?

A

a superscript j to the upper right hand of the sound

57
Q

What is palatalisation?

A

addition of front close vowel resonance added to a non-palatal consonant during production, so cannot apply to /j/

58
Q

What are 3 things to consider in palatalisation when assessing?

A

It is contrastive in some languages such as Russian
it can sometimes be found in disordered speech
It is not the same as phonological palatalisation

59
Q

when is palatalisation used in English? give 2 examples

A

allophonic where id does occur, only sound in some speakers
eg. leaf and suit can be said with and without palatalisation

60
Q

Why does palatalisation occur?

A

Ancitipating a sound palatal gesture - front vowels and /j/

61
Q

What is the velarisation symbol?

A

The chiary symbol as superscript to the upper right hand side of the symbol

62
Q

What is velarisation?

A

Raising the back of the tongue towards the velum in addition to another articulatory gesture - cannot occur in velar sounds

63
Q

Can velarisation occur in velar sounds? why not

A

no, it has to be in addition to another articulatory gesture - cannot occur in velar sounds

64
Q

Where is velarisation typical in English?

A

in /l/ in the syllable coda, or as a syllabic consonant

65
Q

What is another name for velarised l

A

Dark l

66
Q

where are light l’s usually found?

A

usually at the beginning of a sound - before vowels unless front vowels

67
Q

where are dark l’s usually found?

A

usually found at the end of words, usually before a consonant or close vowel

phonetics (7 decks)

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