Diabities Flashcards
what is diabetes
a metabolic disorder, is the absence, deficit or resistance to insulin leading to hyperglycemia. 2 types- type 1- insulin dependent DM, type 2- non insulin dependent DM
risk factors
type 1- family history, viral infection
type 2- obesity, hypertension, poor lifestyle, diet
the pancreas
where diabetes has its main problem, it sits just behind the lower portion of the stomach, just below pyloric region. Pancreas has endocrine roll and exocrine roll- asmi (F cells) secrete digestive enzymes due to close proximity with stomach, they secrete into duodenum, mainly located in periphery
pancreatic cell
all around pancreas are islet of langerhans- contains types of hormone secreting cells
hormones secreting cells- alpha
alpha cells- utilises glycogen from liver and suppresses insulin secretion- maintain blood glucose in-between meals
hormones secreting cells- bets
secrete insulin- promotes uptake and utilisation of glucose in blood stream
hormones secreting cells- delta
secrete somatostatin and gastrin, these regulate alpha and beta cells, these influence the suppression of insulin and glucagon being release
type 1 diabetes
IDDM- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, due to beta cell destruction predominantly by autoimmune process can be viral origin, main thought is that the body’s immune system destroy the beta cells, incidence 10% diabetes diagnosed, usually diagnosed in children and young adults
type 2 diabetes
NIDDM, multifactorial causes both genetic and environmental that affects beta cell function and the tissues sensitivity to insulin, incidence- 90% of diagnoses, 500,000- 1 million undiagnosed type 2, can be prevented or delayed through lifestyle changes
what happens with people with type 1 diabetes
no beta cells- no insulin produced dont detect high blood sugar, leads to hyperglycemia- none of it getting to tissues and organs as needed
what happens with people with type 2 diabties
insulin resistant- need to reduce body fat- produces correct amount of insulin, can be reversed with good diet, weight loss
management
lifestyle changes (type 2)- HIITS and starvation diet, insulin injection (type 1), insulin tablets (type 2)
physio involvement- complications
secondary to complications- to much sugar damages blood vessel walls- high BP, atherosclerosis- more likely to have stroke and heart attack, awareness of complications e.g. healing process is longer, hyperglycaemia
physio involvement- education, falls, amputees
education on lifestyle changes (exercise, diet), falls (peripheral neuropathies)- can’t feel peripheries- more likely to fall, amputees- long term effect due to necrotising of peripheries- leads to ulcers which patients can’t feel- need amputation
physio involvement- MSK pain
higher MSK pain with higher blood sugar levels- pain threshold to be lower, is more pain than expected with injury pretending with
