Diabetes from Nutrition Book Flashcards
What is Diabetes?
metabolic disorder involving glucose metabolism
Hyperglycemia
Person cannot produce insulin
Person does not produce enough insulin
Person is not using the insulin produced
Is hyperglycemia when the blood sugar levels are too high or too low
HIGH blood sugar levels (110 ml/dl and up)
Sources of blood glucose (3)
diet
glycogen
protein
Uses of blood glucose (3)
glycolysis (fuel for metabolism and movement)
glycogenesis (storage for later)
lipogenesis (back up storage as fat)
Islets of Langerhans
produce vital hormones for glucose regulation
Alpha Cells
Glucagon
Beta Cells
Insulin
Delta Cells
Somatostatin
Formerly known as “juvenile” diabetes
Type 1
5-10% of all cases
Type 1
No longer limited to childhood
Type 1
Autoimmune destruction of Beta Cells
Type 1
Insulin no longer produced by body
Type 1
Higher risk of acidosis
Type 1
No cure
Type 1
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
blood sugar levels consistently above normal (100 and up), but not high enough for diagnosis of diabetes (126 and up)
“pre-diabetes”
Can lead to type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol
hypertension
obesity
Formerly “adult on set diabetes”
Type 2
90-95% of all cases
Type 2
Has strong genetic link to weight (weight is not the only factor)
Type 2
Can develop in obese children
Type 2
Insulin resistance or deficiency
Type 2
Can be “cured”
Type 2
Gestational Diabetes (5)
Same as type 2 occurs during pregnancy only "cured" after delivery 4% of all pregnant women can cause miscarriage and death of mother if untreated
Risk factors for gestational diabetes (8)
genetics 45 yrs or older BMI 25 and up inactive african american, hispanic, native american, asian, pacific islander previous gestational diabetes delivered baby albs or more previous impaired glucose tolerance
Symptoms of diabetes(5)
excessive thirst excessive urination excessive hunger sugar in urine hyperglycemia
Blurred vision, skin irritation, infection, loss of strength are symptoms of…
hyperglycemia
Improper breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids due to unmanaged diabetes
Uncontrolled ketosis
Uncontrolled ketosis, leads to increased concentration of keto acids in blood, causes a severe decrease in blood pH, and can be fatal
ketoacidosis
Retinopathy (5)
Hemorrhaging in the eyes can lead to blindness risk increases with consistent hyperglycemia more common in type 1 not the same as blurred vision
End stage renal disease
constriction of blood vessels used to filtration
can lead to kidney failure
due to consistent hyperglycemia
Nephropathy
Nervous system damage
Decreases neural activity
Risk increases with diabetes over 10yrs
Leads to other tissue, heart and other organ complications
Neuropathy
Major death for those with diabetes
heart disease
Glucose levels should be below _ ml/dl before workout
200
No activity is BS levels are _ ml/dl
300
Take quick carb dose is BS levels are below _ ml/dl
100
Inhibits excess secretion of both insulin and glucagon
somatostatin
produced in the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans
somatostatin
changes glucose to glycogen to be stored in the liver
Insulin
raises blood sugar levels during sleep
glucagon
increases protein synthesis
insulin
influences the burning of glucose for energy
insulin
inhibits breakdown of fat and protein
insulin
transports glucose to cells for metabolism
insulin
breaks down left over stored glycogen that was unused
glucagon
changes glucose to fat for storage as adipose tissue
insulin and glucagon
Can be treated with weight management and diet therapy
type 2
Other type of diabetes?
secondary diabetes
caused by genetic disorders or pancreatic conditions
