Diabetes Flashcards
Chronic disorder of impaired
metabolism with vascular and neurologic complications
Blood glucose level normally regulated by
insulin
if you have gestational diabetes you are more likely to have
diabetes in the feature
secondary DM occurs by
induced by trauma, surgery, pancreatic disease, or medications
Type 1 DM is
Absence of endogenous insulin
Type 1 DM is usually Called what
Formerly called juvenile-onset diabetes because it most commonly occurs in juveniles and young adults
How does Type 1 DM Occur
An autoimmune process, possibly triggered by a viral infection, destroys beta cells, the development of insulin antibodies, and the production of islet cell antibodies (ICAs
in affect type 1 DM people need
Affected people require exogenous insulin for the rest of their lives
Type 2 DM is
Inadequate endogenous insulin and body’s inability to properly use insulin
Type 2 Occur because
Beta cells respond inadequately to hyperglycemia; results in chronically elevated blood glucose
Continuous high glucose level in the blood desensitizes the beta cells; they become less responsive to the elevated glucose
Type 2 is most common in
adult
how do you control type 2 Dm
Controlled by diet and exercise; may require oral hypoglycemic agents or exogenous insulin
Role of glucose
Insulin stimulates active transport of glucose into cells
Role of fatty acids
Promotes fatty acid synthesis and conversion of fatty acids into fat, which is stored as adipose tissue
Role of protein
Enhances protein synthesis in tissues and inhibits the conversion of protein into glucose
? are identified in more than 80% of all people with type 1 diabetes at the time of diagnosis
Islet cell antibodies
thought to be prescuror to diabetes
metabolic syndrome
long term complications
retinopathy nephropathy atherosclerosis] CAD Neuropathy inadequate blood supply
hypoglycemia s/s
tachycardia, palpitations, tremor, sweating, nervousenes
3 p’s
polyuria, polydipsia (thirst), polyphagia (hunger)
oral glucose test
Diet of 150 to 300 g carbohydrate for 3 days before test
Night before test, patient fasts after midnight
Morning of test, blood drawn for fasting serum glucose
Patient then given a drink (Glucola) containing 75 g of carbohydrates and instructed to remain quiet
Blood drawn at 30 minutes and 1 hour after the ingestion of glucose. After these two samples, blood is drawn at hourly intervals until the test is completed
all pt with what type of DM will need insulin injections
type1, eventually 2 in the future if not controlled will need them
rapid acting and short acting are what kind of liquid
clear, all others are cloudy
all insulins are given by which injection route
sub q
which insulin is given iV
Regular
Site rotation helps prevent
lipohypertrophy or lipoatrophy
Somogyi phenomenon
Rebound hyperglycemia in response to hypoglycemia
Dawn phenomenon
An increase in fasting blood glucose levels between 5 and 9 AM that is not related to hypoglycemia
hypoglycemia Develops when the blood glucose level
falls to less than 45 to 50 mg/dL
cause if hypoglycemia in insulin therapy is
Causes include taking too much insulin, not eating enough food or not eating at the right time, an inconsistent pattern of exercise
Exogenous hypoglycemia
Results from outside factors acting on the body to produce a low blood glucose
Include insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, alcohol, or exercise
Endogenous hypoglycemia
Occurs when internal factors cause an excessive secretion of insulin or an increase in glucose metabolism
These conditions may be related to tumors or genetics
Functional hypoglycemia
From a variety of causes, including gastric surgery, fasting, or malnutrition
Life-threatening emergency caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
s/s Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Anorexia, headache, and fatigue
As condition progresses, classic symptoms of polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia develop
