Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Chronic disorder of impaired

A

metabolism with vascular and neurologic complications

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2
Q

Blood glucose level normally regulated by

A

insulin

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3
Q

if you have gestational diabetes you are more likely to have

A

diabetes in the feature

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4
Q

secondary DM occurs by

A

induced by trauma, surgery, pancreatic disease, or medications

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5
Q

Type 1 DM is

A

Absence of endogenous insulin

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6
Q

Type 1 DM is usually Called what

A

Formerly called juvenile-onset diabetes because it most commonly occurs in juveniles and young adults

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7
Q

How does Type 1 DM Occur

A

An autoimmune process, possibly triggered by a viral infection, destroys beta cells, the development of insulin antibodies, and the production of islet cell antibodies (ICAs

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8
Q

in affect type 1 DM people need

A

Affected people require exogenous insulin for the rest of their lives

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9
Q

Type 2 DM is

A

Inadequate endogenous insulin and body’s inability to properly use insulin

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10
Q

Type 2 Occur because

A

Beta cells respond inadequately to hyperglycemia; results in chronically elevated blood glucose
Continuous high glucose level in the blood desensitizes the beta cells; they become less responsive to the elevated glucose

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11
Q

Type 2 is most common in

A

adult

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12
Q

how do you control type 2 Dm

A

Controlled by diet and exercise; may require oral hypoglycemic agents or exogenous insulin

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13
Q

Role of glucose

A

Insulin stimulates active transport of glucose into cells

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14
Q

Role of fatty acids

A

Promotes fatty acid synthesis and conversion of fatty acids into fat, which is stored as adipose tissue

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15
Q

Role of protein

A

Enhances protein synthesis in tissues and inhibits the conversion of protein into glucose

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16
Q

? are identified in more than 80% of all people with type 1 diabetes at the time of diagnosis

A

Islet cell antibodies

17
Q

thought to be prescuror to diabetes

A

metabolic syndrome

18
Q

long term complications

A
retinopathy
nephropathy
atherosclerosis]
CAD
Neuropathy inadequate blood supply
19
Q

hypoglycemia s/s

A

tachycardia, palpitations, tremor, sweating, nervousenes

20
Q

3 p’s

A

polyuria, polydipsia (thirst), polyphagia (hunger)

21
Q

oral glucose test

A

Diet of 150 to 300 g carbohydrate for 3 days before test
Night before test, patient fasts after midnight
Morning of test, blood drawn for fasting serum glucose
Patient then given a drink (Glucola) containing 75 g of carbohydrates and instructed to remain quiet
Blood drawn at 30 minutes and 1 hour after the ingestion of glucose. After these two samples, blood is drawn at hourly intervals until the test is completed

22
Q

all pt with what type of DM will need insulin injections

A

type1, eventually 2 in the future if not controlled will need them

23
Q

rapid acting and short acting are what kind of liquid

A

clear, all others are cloudy

24
Q

all insulins are given by which injection route

25
which insulin is given iV
Regular
26
Site rotation helps prevent
lipohypertrophy or lipoatrophy
27
Somogyi phenomenon
Rebound hyperglycemia in response to hypoglycemia
28
Dawn phenomenon
An increase in fasting blood glucose levels between 5 and 9 AM that is not related to hypoglycemia
29
hypoglycemia Develops when the blood glucose level
falls to less than 45 to 50 mg/dL
30
cause if hypoglycemia in insulin therapy is
Causes include taking too much insulin, not eating enough food or not eating at the right time, an inconsistent pattern of exercise
31
Exogenous hypoglycemia
Results from outside factors acting on the body to produce a low blood glucose Include insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, alcohol, or exercise
32
Endogenous hypoglycemia
Occurs when internal factors cause an excessive secretion of insulin or an increase in glucose metabolism These conditions may be related to tumors or genetics
33
Functional hypoglycemia
From a variety of causes, including gastric surgery, fasting, or malnutrition
34
Life-threatening emergency caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
35
``` s/s Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) ```
Anorexia, headache, and fatigue | As condition progresses, classic symptoms of polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia develop