Diabetes Flashcards
Diabetes is defined as:
Disorder of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism resulting from an imbalance between insulin availability and insulin need.
In Greek, diabetes mellitus means:
Passing honey tasting water like a syphon
Which diabetes affects the highest number of the population?
Type 2. By 90%
What is the estimated cost of treating diabetes projected to be in 2020 by the Canadian diabetes association?
16.9billion dollars
What are some of the risk factors for diabetes?
- blacks, Hispanics & aboriginals for type 2NIDDM
- obesity
- being over 40
- giving birth to 9+ lb baby
- family history
What can cause diabetes mellitus?
- insulin deficiency/impairment from pancreas
- defective insulin receptors on cells
- genetic predisposition
- environmental factors in genetically susceptible person (viruses and toxins)
What are the types of diabetes?
- IDDM (insulin dependant diabetes mellitus) 1
- NIDDM (non insulin dependant diabetes mellitus) 2
What is the other name of type 1 diabetes?
Juvenile diabetes.
Formerly
Pancreas over produces insulin in type 1 diabetes (IDDM).
True / False?
False.
Pancreas not producing insulin.
The accumulation of ketones or compounds in the body as the result of fatty acid metabolism is known as:
Ketosis.
Lack of insulin resulting in excess glucose in bloodstream and inability to metabolize the sugar is known as:
Ketacidosis.
Potentially life threatening.
Seen in type 1 diabetes.
Short, rapid hyperventilation followed by deep n laboured breathing is known as:
Kussmaul respiration.
One symptom of ketacidosis.
In relation to type 1 diabetic symptoms, what is coffee ground?
Vomiting dark blood.
List some symptoms of ketacidosis:
- nausea
- confusion
- lethargy
- abdominal pain
- coma
- Kussmaul respiration
- coffee ground
What does the treatment of type 1 diabetes often include?
-insulin injection
-diet modification
General fitness and activity
What was type 2 diabetes formerly known as?
Maturity of adult onset diabetes.
Approx 80% of these diabetics are clinically obese.
Type 2 diabetics produce enough insulin but the receptor sites of cells for absorbing the glucose do not function adequately.
True / False?
True.
Type 2 diabetics are typically treated with diet and exercise for weight loss.
True / false?
True.
What are other types of diabetes aside from type 1 n 2?
-secondary diabetes
(From underlying pathology)
-gestational diabetes
(Develops during pregnancy)
Are women with gestational diabetes at a higher or lower risk for pregnancy complications, fetal abnormality or mortality?
Yes.
Can also develop it 5-10 years post delivery.
What are the roles of insulin in the body?
- aids in uptake n storage of glucose in liver, skeletal mm and fat cells.
- inhibits breakdown of fats
- protein also requires insulin for transport into cells
What are the 3 P’s of diabetes?
- Polyuria: excessive urination by osmotic pull of glucose
- Polyphagia: increased appetite
- Polydipsia: excessive fluid loss thus increased thirst
List some of the effects of high blood glucose levels:
-hyperglycaemia (Blurred vision, fatigue, candida infections) -glucosuria -polyuria -polydipsia -polyphagia
All these are symptoms of diabetes except:
- increased thirst
- increased urination
- sensitive feet
- vaginal infections
- constant hunger
- blurry vision
- sudden weight gain
Sensitive feet and sudden weight gain…
They actually lose weight suddenly and have numb or tingling hands/feet.
What are some of the case history questions to inquire about that massage may have an effect on?
- stability
- blood pressure
- cardiac and renal failure
- injection sites
- destabilizing factors
Some questions may be left till trust level established with patient (client compliance)
The common injection sites are:
- abdomen
- thighs
- biceps
What’s the diff btwn diabetic shock n diabetic coma?
Shock: mins to occur, from too much insulin and not enough sugar
Coma: hours to occur, too much glucose and not enough insulin
What are symptoms of someone in diabetic coma?
- delusional/emotionally labile, violent
- cold/sweaty
- proceeding towards unconsciousness
- slurred speech
Massage can destabilize patient just as exercise can, hence we need to know if typically affected by exercise.
True / False?
True.
When patient is in diabetic shock / coma, it is safe to administer insulin.
True / False?
Never.
We only give sugar envelope if diabetic coma…
What is a popular arthritis remedy that is contraindicated/should be avoided by diabetics?
-Glucosamine
What are some chronic complications of Diabetes?
- nephropathies
- retinopathies
- vascular complications
- foot ulcers
- peripheral neuropathies
- peri arthritis n adhesive capsulitis
- vasomotor reflex defects
- contracture, stiffness, inflammation
- impaired bladder innervation
State diff between Central Diabetes insipidus and Neurogenic Diabetes insipidus:
Central:
-results from kidneys not responding to presence of ADH
(Lithium drug, recessive gene, kidney disease)
Neurogenic:
-deficiency in synthesis or release of ADH from posterior pituitary gland.
(Post trauma-surgery, head injury, meningitis)
