Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrinology > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is threshold for random glucose plasma level that yields a diagnosis of diabetes?

A

Greater then 200 mg/dl (w/ classic symptoms: peeing, thrust, weight loss)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the threshold for fasting plasma glucose to diagnose a diebetic?

A

greater then or equal to 126 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the normal range for FASTING blood glucose?

A

70-100 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the threshold for the oral glucose tolerance test (glucose level 2 hours after a standard glucose load)? Whats the normal level?

A

> or equal to 200mg/dl (normal <140)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the threshold for Heme A1C? T/F measure twice..

A

greater then 6.5%..T measure twice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What condition is associated with polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, high blood glucose, and loss of glucose to urine?

A

hyperglycemia (not necessarily DM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three main factors leading to type I DM?

A

environmental triggers, genetics, and immune destruction of beta cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the hallmark test to determine type I?

A

ANTIBODIES test! They are unique to type I, they can even be used to indicate it in others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Concerning the cause of insulin, what is the most common problem? Pre, during, or post receptor?

A

the most common issue is post receptor defect. There is something ary with the signal transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

I vs II: autoimmune?

A

I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

I vs II: more often in adults?

A

II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

I vs II: often lean/underweight?

A

I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

I vs II: would die without insulin?

A

I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

I vs II: 95-100% concordance rate in twins

A

II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

I vs II: Ketone bodies present

A

I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Does calorie restriction increase insulin sensitivity? Does exercise?

A

YES and YES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How long do you give a type II pt to lose weight before trying another treatment?

A

3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the first drug used for type II? (the workhorse) What does it do?

A

MET-FORM-IN (big-u-anide), it decreases liver GNG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the type II drugs that stimulate beta cell insulin secretion, inhibit alpha cell glucagon secretion, and decrease appetite?

A

GLP-1 (glucagon like protein-1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the NEW type II drug that blocks reabsorption of filtered glucose in the kidney?

A

Kidney Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2T2) Inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Does a diabetic take boluses of insulin before or after a meal to adjust?

A

After the meal!

22
Q

What condition can be the result of too much insulin therapy? What is the main metabolic process that is inhibited?

A

hypoglycemia!…GNG is a major factor here

23
Q

What other hormone typically kicks in during hypoglycemia?

A

epinephrine

24
Q

Name that condition: lethargy, impaired thinking, sweating, rapid heart rate, anxiety, hunger…

A

hypoglycemia!

25
Q

What is the BEST immediate treatment for hypoglycemia?

A

Glucagon injection…stimulates glycogenolysis (also ingest glucose)

26
Q

What is a good long term treatment for hypoglycemia?

A

altering the pt’s insulin treatment levels and behaviors

27
Q

What are two short term complications of diabetes?

A

ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma

28
Q

Which short term complication do you see massive lipolysis? Which type is this associated with?

A

KetoAcidosis…type I

29
Q

What does insulin do to hormone sensitive lipase?

A

Insulin SUPRESSES hormone sensative lipase

30
Q

What is epinephrine do to hormone sensative lipase?

A

epi stimulates hormone sensative lipase=lots of fat in blood

31
Q

Which short term diabetic complication do we not see massive lipolysis and therefore no ketoacidosis? Which type is this associated with?

A

hyperosmolar coma…type II

32
Q

How do you treat ketoacidosis? Hyperosmotic coma?

A

both treated with fluids and insulin

33
Q

What is the best blood test to measure blood glucose over a number of weeks?

A

Heme A1C!

34
Q

Whats an AGE? What do they do with other proteins?

A

Advanced Glycation Endproducts..Cross link w other proteins

35
Q

HERE IT IS: What is the CASCADE of hyperglycemia to long term tissue damage?!

A

Hyperglycemia–>Altered Protiens/free radicals–>blood vessel inflammation–>endothelial cell dysfunction–>altered blood flow–>inchemia–>tissue damage

36
Q

What do these symptoms indicate? Microaneurysms, dot and blot hemerages in the eye?

A

Diabetic retinopathy

37
Q

Which condition can you treat with laser, VGEF antibodies, and glucocorticoid injections?

A

Diabetic retinopathy

38
Q

What is the major structure affected in diabetic nephrophathy? What is the result?

A

The glomerulus! Proteins get pushed thru and lost in the urine.

39
Q

Which chronic diabetes disease is associated with a 20x to 40x increase in death?

A

diabetic nephropathy

40
Q

In diabetic neuropathy which usually goes first: sensory or motor loss?

A

Sensory

41
Q

In diabetic neuropathy which usually goes first: distal or proximal nerves?

A

distal

42
Q

What is the nickname for the movement of neuropathy from the feet up?

A

“stocking-glove” neuropathy

43
Q

Which nervous system do all of these symptoms point to in neropathy?:dry mouth, hypotension, constipation, bladder won’t empty, impotence, abnormal sweating, no epi response to hypoglycemia

A

autonomic neuropathy (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)

44
Q

What do these symptoms point to?large blood vessel damage, earlier, more diffuse, more severe, more heart attacks, more stroke, more amputations.

A

Diabetic macroangiopathy

45
Q

Which disease risk is higher in people with insulin resistance even if blood glucose is not yet in diabetes range?

A

MacroVascular Disease

46
Q

What is another name for insulin resistance syndrome, with these symptoms: hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, hyper triglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, hypertension, apple obesity? (Dr. T would be proud)

A

Metabolic Syndrome

47
Q

What are two indicators of COMBINED microvascular (nerve) and macro vascular conditions?

A

Impotence and foot ulcers

48
Q

Why does diabetes cause an increased risk for PERIODONTITIS?

A

Bacteria like the high sugar in the blood. They produce enzymes, prostaglandins, and cytokines that cause inflammation and tissue damage.

49
Q

What two cytokines are released that damage endothelium in the capillaries supporting the teeth (ultimately leading to periodontitis)?

A

Cytokines released are AGEs and Free Radicals

50
Q

What are the drawbacks of intensive insulin therapy for type I’s?

A

severe hypoglycemia and weight gain

51
Q

Does intensive glucose control therapy have a similar effect on type II’s as it did type I’s?

A

Nope, it had less of an effect for type IIs

52
Q

How often should a neuropathic diabetic examine their feet?

A

Daily!

Endocrinology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions