Diabetes Flashcards
Diabetes insipidus is characterized by polyuria and polydipsia leading to dehydration due to low _____
ADH
What is the relationship between urine output and urine specific gravity?
Inverse (low urine output = high specific gravity; high urine output = low specific gravity)
Which type of diabetes is insulin dependent and ketosis prone?
Type I
Which type of diabetes is not insulin dependent or ketosis prone?
Type II
3 P’s of Diabetes
Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia
Most important treatment modality for type I diabetics
Insulin
Treatment for type II diabetes
Diet (most important), oral hypoglycemics, activity
Dietary modifications for Type II diabetes
Calorie restriction (most important), 6 small feedings/day
Regular insulin onset, peak, and duration
Onset: 1 hr
Peak: 2 hrs
Duration: 4 hrs
Insulin that can be given as an IV drip
Regular
Intermediate-acting insulins (NPH) onset, peak, and duration
Onset: 6 hrs
Peak: 8-10 hrs
Duration: 12 hrs
Rapid-acting insulin example, onset, peak, and duration
Example: humalog (Lispro)
Onset: 15 min
Peak: 30 min
Duration: 3 hrs
Nursing consideration for rapid-acting insulins
Give WITH meals
Long-acting insulin example, onset, peak, and duration
Example: glargine (Lantus)
Onset: 1-2 hrs
Peak: none
Duration: 12-24 hrs
What class of insulin carries a low risk for hypoglycemia and can be safely given at bedtime?
Long-acting
How long is insulin good for after opening?
30 days
Unopened vials of insulin should be
Refrigerated
More exercise requires _____ insulin, and less exercise requires _____ insulin
Less; More
Diabetic patient education about sick days
Take insulin, drink water, stay active
S/S of hypoglycemia
DRUNK + SHOCK: staggering, slurred speech, poor judgement, slow reaction time, labile emotions, low BP, tachycardia, tachypnea, cold, pale, clammy
Hypoglycemia treatment for conscious patient
Administer rapidly metabolize carb: juice, candy, low-fat milk, honey, icing, jam/jelly
NOTE: ideal combination of food = sugar + starch or protein
Hypoglycemia treatment for unconscious patient
IM glucagon or IV D50
Primary cause of DKA
Acute viral upper respiratory infections within the last two weeks
S/S of DKA
D: Dehydration (poor skin turgor, hot, dry skin)
K: Ketones in blood, high K+, Kussmaul respirations
A: Acidosis (metabolic), Acetone breath, Anorexia
