Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 Exam 2 > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the epidemiology of type 1 diabetes

A

8% of patients, highest in Caucasians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the aetiology of type 1 diabetes

A

human leukocyte antigen associated immune mediated disease - antibodies attack pancreatic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes

A

5-10% of pancreatic beta cells remaining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

symptoms of type 1 diabetes

A

polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, blurred vision and DKA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis

A

hyperventilation, nausea, weakness, ketone breath caused by very low blood sugar levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

type 1 diabetes treatment

A

first line is basal bolus insulin - insulin detemir and rapid acting analogue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

type 1 blood glucose testing

A

4 times a day - before meals (4-7 mmol/l), after meals (5-9mmol/l) on waking (4-7mmol/l)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hbA1c target

A

48mmol/mol or 6.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

epidemiology of type 2 diabetes

A

90% of cases, incidence increases with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

aetiology of type 2 diabetes

A

genetics, obesity and age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes

A

50% of pancreatic beta cells remaining but down regulation of insulin receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

symptoms of type 2 diabetes

A

often insidious, can manifest as complications or frequent UTIs, candida or skin infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

diagnosis of diabetes

A

random venous plasma of >11.1 mmol/l or fasting of >7 mmol/l WITH symptoms, or 2 results without symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hyperosmolar non ketonic coma (HONK)

A

Similar to DKA, but no production of ketones due to endogenous insulin, no ketones are produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

treatment for type 2 diabetes

A
  1. metformin (+ SGLT2 if high cardiac risk)
  2. SGLT2 if not already on
  3. +/- other therapies
  4. dual therapy + metformin + insulin
  5. triple therapy + insulin (if tolerated - switch for GLP-1 if not)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

blood pressure treatment for diabetic patients

A
  1. ARB/ACEi
    • CCB/TLD
    • TLD/CCB
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hypercholesteremia treatment

A

all diabetic patients >40 or who have further complications need to be on atorvastatin 20mg

18
Q

blood glucose testing for type 2 patients

A

no requirements - unless pregnant or uncontrolled hypos

19
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

combination of medical disorders when occurring together increase CVD risk and type 2 diabetes

20
Q

physiology of DKA

A

increase in counterregulatory hormones, increases hepatic glucose. lipolysis increases and more acetylcoa is produced in the liver, exceeding metabolism so ketones are produced

21
Q

mild hypoglycaemia symptoms and treatment

A

palpitations, tremor, hunger, fatigue - treated by quick acting sugar and a sustained release carb in the next meal

22
Q

moderate hypoglycaemia symptoms and treatments

A

behaviour change, restlessness, agitation, drowsiness and confusion - treated with glucogel or IM glucagon

23
Q

severe hypoglycaemia treatment and symptoms

A

aggression, coma, unresponsiveness - treated by IV glucose or IM glucagon

24
Q

microvascular complications of diabetes

A

retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, foot disease

25
Q

retinopathy symptoms

A

blurred vision, diplopia, glaucoma

26
Q

retinopathy risk factors

A

hypertension, hyperglycaemia, nephropathy, pregnancy and smoking

27
Q

retinopathy treatment

A

prevention! control of blood pressure and sugar

28
Q

retinopathy

A

starts with small haemorrhages and abnormal hardened spots which progress to retina infarction

29
Q

nephropathy symptoms

A

proteinuria and microalbuminuria - different degrees of proteins in the urine

30
Q

nephropathy

A

leading cause of end stage renal failure

31
Q

nephropathy treatment

A

aggressive blood pressure control and a hbA1c <6%

32
Q

type 1 diabetics blood pressure goal

A

<130/80

33
Q

type 2 diabetics blood pressure goal

A

140/90

34
Q

neuropathy

A

nerve disease, leads to ED, hypotension and diarrhoea

35
Q

neuropathy symptoms

A

leg numbness, unsteadiness and decreased vibration sense

36
Q

neuropathy treatment

A

blood sugar optimisation and pain relief

37
Q

diabetic foot disease

A

a mix of macro and microvascular disease, caused by peripheral neuropathy

38
Q

diabetic foot disease symptoms

A

ulceration, infection, gangrene

39
Q

diabetic foot disease treatments

A

management, risk reduction, urgent referrals and maintaining blood flow

40
Q

sick day rules

A

more frequent glucose testing, more fluids, do not stop taking insulin

Year 2 Exam 2 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions