Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 Exam 2 > chemotherapy > Flashcards

chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

curative treatment

A

aggressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

neoadjuvant treatment

A

given before surgery to reduce tumour size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

adjuvant treatment

A

given after surgery or with radiotherapy to clean up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

palliative treatment

A

given to prolong life and comfortability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

concomitant treatment

A

drugs given alongside radiotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cytotoxic chemotherapy

A

acts on all cells, majority of cancer drugs targeting nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

combination therapy

A

targets multiple pathways and reduces toxicity of one class - reduced drug resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hormone therapy

A

removes or blocks hormones that the tumour requires to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

trastumozab targets HER2 which is sometimes overexpressed in cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

antibody-drug conjugates

A

antibody attached to very cytotoxic drug so it is taken straight to the tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

gastrointestinal side effects of chemotherapy

A

mucositis - sore, ulcerated mouth/throat, changes in taste/appetite, constipation, diarrhoea, nausea,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mucositis treatment and prevention

A

analgesics, ice, anti- fungal, good oral hygiene, avoiding floss/alcohol and spicy foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

constipation treatment and prevention

A

fluids, high fibre diet, laxatives and dose reviews

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

diarrhoea treatment and prevention

A

small frequent meals, hydration, antibiotics if >24 hr
- delayed (24hr after chemo) loperamide & ciprofloxacin 250 bd 7/7 if >24 hr
- anticholinergic (+ sweating) = subcut atropine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

nausea and vomiting risk factors

A

females, non-smokers, opioids, age, surgery, hypotension, hypoxaemia, migraines, obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

nausea and vomiting treatment

A
  • acute - metoclopramide
  • delayed - dexamethasone
  • breakthrough - 5HT3
  • anticipatory - lorazepam
  • refractory - levomepromazine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

scalp/skin side effects

A

alopecia, hand/foot syndrome (capecitabine) , papulopustular eruptions (EGFR inhibitors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

scalp/skin side effects treatments

A

scalp cooling, lanolin, clindamycin, steroids and oral antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

blood side effects

A

myelosuppression, febrile neutropenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

myelosuppression risk factors

A

hypotension, COPD, leukaemia, dehydrated, inpatient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

blood side effects treatment

A

low risk - antibiotics
high risk - admission!

22
Q

short term immunotherapy side effects

A

colitis, pneumonitis, hepatitis, rashes

23
Q

long term immunotherapy side effects

A

cardiac issues, cancers, infertility, hypersensitivity, extravasion

24
Q

grade 1 hypersensitivity

A

rash/fever

25
Q

grade 2 hypersensitivity

A

flushing, fever, dyspnoea

26
Q

grade 3 hypersensitivity

A

bronchospasm, angioedema, hypotension

27
Q

grade 4 hypersensitivity

A

anaphylaxis

28
Q

grade 5 hypersensitivity

A

death

29
Q

DNA alkylators MOA

A

forms aziridinium ion and alkylates N7 of guanine. Aziridinium ion is reformed and alkylates another N7 of guanine - forms DNA crosslinks

30
Q

DNA alkylators example

A

cyclophosphamide, pro-drug, activated by CYP450 hydroxylation, acrolein by product formed (Michael acceptor)

31
Q

DNA alkylators mechanisms of resistance

A
  • increased glutathione and glutathione-s-transferase
  • increased excision repair enzymes
  • changes in cellular drug uptake
32
Q

DNA platinating agents MOA

A

form intrastrand crosslinks in DNA, chlorine ligands displaced in vivo by water, positively charged aquated platinum (II) reacts with biological nucleophiles (N7)

33
Q

DNA platinating agents example and use

A
  • cisplatin, used for testicular, ovarian, head, neck, lung and bladder cancers
34
Q

DNA platinating agents mechanisms of resistance

A
  • increased repair mechanism
  • increased expression of thiol proteins
35
Q

topoisomerase inhibitors/DNA intercalators MOA

A

inhibits topoisomerase II by preventing the fixing of double strand breaks - intercalates into DNA

36
Q

topoisomerase inhibitors/DNA intercalators examples

A

anthracyclines - daunorubicin and doxorubicin

37
Q

topoisomerase inhibitors/DNA intercalators mechanisms of resistance

A
  • increased efflux from a cell
  • increased expression of p-glycoprotein
38
Q

anti-mitotic MOA

A

microtubule assembly
- binds to free alpha beta tubulin dimers to disrupt balance between polymerisation and depolymerisation
microtubule disassembly
- stabilisation of microtubules

39
Q

anti-mitotic examples

A

assembly - vinka alkaloids (vinblastine), from periwinkle plant
disassembly - paclitaxel from yew bark

40
Q

anti mitotics resistasnce

A
  • over expression of p-glycoprotein
  • mutations in tubulin gene
41
Q

anti-metabolites MOA

A

5-fdUMP Michael addition with thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate (during folic acid production) and covalently binds to stop dTMP production

42
Q

anti-metabolites examples

A

5-fluoro-deoxyuridine (uracil - like structure)

43
Q

anti-folates

A

methotrexate, competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase

44
Q

types of modern chemotherapy

A

PARP inhibitors (ribs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (nibs)

45
Q

PARP inhibitors example

A
  • Olaparib, for ovarian, fallopian and peritoneal cancers with BRCA1/2
46
Q

discovery of PARP inhibitors

A

medium throughput screening, benzyl phthalazinone core moderately potent antagonist of PARP1, cyclopropylamide increased oral bioavailability

47
Q

PARP inhibitors MOA

A

inhibits poly(ADP)ribose polymerase which is used to repair single stranded breaks

48
Q

tyrosine kinase inhibitor example

A

imatinib - BCR-ABL kinase inhibitor
sorafenib - BRAF inhibitor

49
Q

discovery of BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors

A

identified 2-phenylaminopyrimidines, methyl group increased selectivity and piperidine made it water soluble

50
Q

tyrosine kinase inhibitors mechanisms of resistance

A
  • mutations in target protein
  • upregulation of other pathways

Year 2 Exam 2 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions