Diabetes Flashcards
Diabetes mellitus
Absolute type 1 or
relative deficiency of insulin type II
Classic signs of diabetes mellitus
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Where does insulin come from
Pancreas —> islets of langerhans —> beta cell
Pancreas
Exocrine
Secrete digestive enzymes and HCO3- into intestinal lumen
Pancreas
Endocrine
Islets of langerhans into blood stream
insulin & glucagon
GLUT 2
Independent of insulin also found in liver
Bidirectional
Sympathetic nerve insulin secretion
Stress and exercise
Inhibit insulin
Parasympathetic activity insulin secretion
Food
Stimulate insulin
a cells
Glucagon — stimulates
& cells
Somatostatin — inhibit
Islets communications
Humoral
Blood supply from islet to blood
More blood through islets can increase secretions
Islet communication
Cell-cell
Gap junctions connect islets cells with one another
Main function of insulin
push glucose into cells from BLOOD
Drives anabolic processes
Building up fat, protein, and glycogen
Lipogenesis
Acetyl-CoA —> fats
During fed stage when glucose gets high
Lipolysis
Breakdown of lipids
during starved phase, makes ketone bodies
Gluconeogenesis
Non-carbohydrate substrates —> glucose
make new glucose
during starved phase
Glycolysis
Glucose —> pyruvate + 2 ATP
In the liver what pathways do not predominate after feeding
A. Lipolysis
B. Glycogenesis
C. Glycogenolysis
D. Gluconeogenesis
E. Ketone body formation
B – all the rest do. Liver also does LIPOGENSIS–make fat
In the muscle what pathway is NOT active after feeding
A. Glycolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Glycogenolysis
D. Increased glucose transport
E. Protein synthesis
C muscle does NOT produce new glucose.
But it will breakdown and make glycogen.
What hormone is released from the pancreas? After fasting
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Insulin and GLP-1
D. Insulin and Glucagon
B also somatatropin
In adipose tissues what pathways predominate after fasting
A. Fatty acid breakdown
B. Increase glucose transport
C. Glycogenesis
D. Fatty acid synthesis
C
In the liver what pathways are activated after fasting
A. Lipolysis
B. Glycogen synthesis
C. Lipogenesis
D. Ketone body formation
D.
GLP-1
Stimulates insulin response from beta cells in a glucose
Released from L cells in ileum and colon
GIP
Stimulates insulin response from beta cells in a glucose
Released from K cells in duodenum
What hormone is release from the pancreas? After feeding
A. GLP-1
B. Glucagon
C. Insulin
D. GLP-1 and somatostatin
E. Insulin and Glucagon
C
In the liver what pathways is not active in type 1 diabetes
A. Lipolysis
B. Glycogenesis
C. Glycogenolysis
D. Gluconeogenesis
E. Keaton body formation
B
In the muscle what pathway predominates
A. Glycolysis
B. Glycogenesis
C. Lipogenesis
D. Increased glucose transport
E. Protein degradation
E. protein builds or breaks down muscles.
What type of diabetes is more in cats and does not always need insulin to treat?
Type II
What type diabetes more in dogs, needs insulin to treat, auto immune?
Type I
What type of type II diabetes is due to get fat and having less insulin needed to push into cells because they do not respond?
Insulin resistance
What type of Type II diabetes is the cells giving out and not producing enough insulin?
Relative Insulin deficiency
What are the difference in acinar cells and langerhans cells of pancreas?
acinar cells produce bicarbonate and are exocrine (released into lumen of intestine)
Langerhans cells are endocrine and release hormoens glucagon a& insulin into bloodstream
- after short-term fasting, what hormone is released from the pancreas?
A.Insulin
B.Glucagon
C.Insulin and Somatostatin
D.Insulin and Glucagon
B. Glucagon. to make glucose from glycolysis and glyconeogensis
- after short-term fasting, what pathway predominates in the liver?
A.Glycolysis
B.Glycogen synthesis
C.Lipogenesis
D.Ketone body formation
Glycolysis. need to make glucose for body. Not make GLYCOGEN. break it down
. Can you describe the pathophysiology of DKA?
Diabetic ketoacidosis.
body doesn’t have enough insulin to put glucose into the cells
so breaks down fats-lypolysis uses that for energy. releases ketone boy so ketoacidosis
