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Final Day 1 > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Absolute type 1 or
relative deficiency of insulin type II

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2
Q

Classic signs of diabetes mellitus

A

Polydipsia
Polyuria
Polyphagia
Weight loss

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3
Q

Where does insulin come from

A

Pancreas —> islets of langerhans —> beta cell

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4
Q

Pancreas
Exocrine

A

Secrete digestive enzymes and HCO3- into intestinal lumen

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5
Q

Pancreas
Endocrine

A

Islets of langerhans into blood stream
insulin & glucagon

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6
Q

GLUT 2

A

Independent of insulin also found in liver
Bidirectional

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7
Q

Sympathetic nerve insulin secretion

A

Stress and exercise
Inhibit insulin

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8
Q

Parasympathetic activity insulin secretion

A

Food
Stimulate insulin

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9
Q

a cells

A

Glucagon — stimulates

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10
Q

& cells

A

Somatostatin — inhibit

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11
Q

Islets communications
Humoral

A

Blood supply from islet to blood
More blood through islets can increase secretions

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12
Q

Islet communication
Cell-cell

A

Gap junctions connect islets cells with one another

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13
Q

Main function of insulin

A

push glucose into cells from BLOOD
Drives anabolic processes
Building up fat, protein, and glycogen

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14
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Acetyl-CoA —> fats
During fed stage when glucose gets high

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15
Q

Lipolysis

A

Breakdown of lipids
during starved phase, makes ketone bodies

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16
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Non-carbohydrate substrates —> glucose
make new glucose
during starved phase

17
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose —> pyruvate + 2 ATP

18
Q

In the liver what pathways do not predominate after feeding
A. Lipolysis
B. Glycogenesis
C. Glycogenolysis
D. Gluconeogenesis
E. Ketone body formation

A

B – all the rest do. Liver also does LIPOGENSIS–make fat

19
Q

In the muscle what pathway is NOT active after feeding
A. Glycolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Glycogenolysis
D. Increased glucose transport
E. Protein synthesis

A

C muscle does NOT produce new glucose.
But it will breakdown and make glycogen.

20
Q

What hormone is released from the pancreas? After fasting
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Insulin and GLP-1
D. Insulin and Glucagon

A

B also somatatropin

21
Q

In adipose tissues what pathways predominate after fasting
A. Fatty acid breakdown
B. Increase glucose transport
C. Glycogenesis
D. Fatty acid synthesis

A

C

22
Q

In the liver what pathways are activated after fasting
A. Lipolysis
B. Glycogen synthesis
C. Lipogenesis
D. Ketone body formation

A

D.

23
Q

GLP-1

A

Stimulates insulin response from beta cells in a glucose
Released from L cells in ileum and colon

24
Q

GIP

A

Stimulates insulin response from beta cells in a glucose
Released from K cells in duodenum

25
Q

What hormone is release from the pancreas? After feeding
A. GLP-1
B. Glucagon
C. Insulin
D. GLP-1 and somatostatin
E. Insulin and Glucagon

A

C

26
Q

In the liver what pathways is not active in type 1 diabetes
A. Lipolysis
B. Glycogenesis
C. Glycogenolysis
D. Gluconeogenesis
E. Keaton body formation

A

B

27
Q

In the muscle what pathway predominates
A. Glycolysis
B. Glycogenesis
C. Lipogenesis
D. Increased glucose transport
E. Protein degradation

A

E. protein builds or breaks down muscles.

28
Q

What type of diabetes is more in cats and does not always need insulin to treat?

A

Type II

29
Q

What type diabetes more in dogs, needs insulin to treat, auto immune?

A

Type I

30
Q

What type of type II diabetes is due to get fat and having less insulin needed to push into cells because they do not respond?

A

Insulin resistance

31
Q

What type of Type II diabetes is the cells giving out and not producing enough insulin?

A

Relative Insulin deficiency

32
Q

What are the difference in acinar cells and langerhans cells of pancreas?

A

acinar cells produce bicarbonate and are exocrine (released into lumen of intestine)
Langerhans cells are endocrine and release hormoens glucagon a& insulin into bloodstream

33
Q
  1. after short-term fasting, what hormone is released from the pancreas?
    A.Insulin
    B.Glucagon
    C.Insulin and Somatostatin
    D.Insulin and Glucagon
A

B. Glucagon. to make glucose from glycolysis and glyconeogensis

34
Q
  1. after short-term fasting, what pathway predominates in the liver?
    A.Glycolysis
    B.Glycogen synthesis
    C.Lipogenesis
    D.Ketone body formation
A

Glycolysis. need to make glucose for body. Not make GLYCOGEN. break it down

35
Q

. Can you describe the pathophysiology of DKA?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis.
body doesn’t have enough insulin to put glucose into the cells
so breaks down fats-lypolysis uses that for energy. releases ketone boy so ketoacidosis

Final Day 1 (16 decks)

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