Diabetes

Question 1

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 1

Absolute type 1 or
relative deficiency of insulin type II

Question 2

Classic signs of diabetes mellitus

Answer 2

Polydipsia
Polyuria
Polyphagia
Weight loss

Question 3

Where does insulin come from

Answer 3

Pancreas —> islets of langerhans —> beta cell

Question 4

Pancreas
Exocrine

Answer 4

Secrete digestive enzymes and HCO3- into intestinal lumen

Question 5

Pancreas
Endocrine

Answer 5

Islets of langerhans into blood stream
insulin & glucagon

Question 6

GLUT 2

Answer 6

Independent of insulin also found in liver
Bidirectional

Question 7

Sympathetic nerve insulin secretion

Answer 7

Stress and exercise
Inhibit insulin

Question 8

Parasympathetic activity insulin secretion

Answer 8

Food
Stimulate insulin

Question 9

a cells

Answer 9

Glucagon — stimulates

Question 10

& cells

Answer 10

Somatostatin — inhibit

Question 11

Islets communications
Humoral

Answer 11

Blood supply from islet to blood
More blood through islets can increase secretions

Question 12

Islet communication
Cell-cell

Answer 12

Gap junctions connect islets cells with one another

Question 13

Main function of insulin

Answer 13

push glucose into cells from BLOOD
Drives anabolic processes
Building up fat, protein, and glycogen

Question 14

Lipogenesis

Answer 14

Acetyl-CoA —> fats
During fed stage when glucose gets high

Question 15

Lipolysis

Answer 15

Breakdown of lipids
during starved phase, makes ketone bodies

Question 16

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 16

Non-carbohydrate substrates —> glucose
make new glucose
during starved phase

Question 17

Glycolysis

Answer 17

Glucose —> pyruvate + 2 ATP

Question 18

In the liver what pathways do not predominate after feeding
A. Lipolysis
B. Glycogenesis
C. Glycogenolysis
D. Gluconeogenesis
E. Ketone body formation

Answer 18

B – all the rest do. Liver also does LIPOGENSIS–make fat

Question 19

In the muscle what pathway is NOT active after feeding
A. Glycolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Glycogenolysis
D. Increased glucose transport
E. Protein synthesis

Answer 19

C muscle does NOT produce new glucose.
But it will breakdown and make glycogen.

Question 20

What hormone is released from the pancreas? After fasting
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Insulin and GLP-1
D. Insulin and Glucagon

Answer 20

B also somatatropin

Question 21

In adipose tissues what pathways predominate after fasting
A. Fatty acid breakdown
B. Increase glucose transport
C. Glycogenesis
D. Fatty acid synthesis

Answer 21

C

Question 22

In the liver what pathways are activated after fasting
A. Lipolysis
B. Glycogen synthesis
C. Lipogenesis
D. Ketone body formation

Answer 22

D.

Question 23

GLP-1

Answer 23

Stimulates insulin response from beta cells in a glucose
Released from L cells in ileum and colon

Question 24

GIP

Answer 24

Stimulates insulin response from beta cells in a glucose
Released from K cells in duodenum

Question 25

What hormone is release from the pancreas? After feeding A. GLP-1 B. Glucagon C. Insulin D. GLP-1 and somatostatin E. Insulin and Glucagon

Answer 25

C

Question 26

In the liver what pathways is not active in type 1 diabetes A. Lipolysis B. Glycogenesis C. Glycogenolysis D. Gluconeogenesis E. Keaton body formation

Answer 26

B

Question 27

In the muscle what pathway predominates A. Glycolysis B. Glycogenesis C. Lipogenesis D. Increased glucose transport E. Protein degradation

Answer 27

E. protein builds or breaks down muscles.

Question 28

What type of diabetes is more in cats and does not always need insulin to treat?

Answer 28

Type II

Question 29

What type diabetes more in dogs, needs insulin to treat, auto immune?

Answer 29

Type I

Question 30

What type of type II diabetes is due to get fat and having less insulin needed to push into cells because they do not respond?

Answer 30

Insulin resistance

Question 31

What type of Type II diabetes is the cells giving out and not producing enough insulin?

Answer 31

Relative Insulin deficiency

Question 32

What are the difference in acinar cells and langerhans cells of pancreas?

Answer 32

acinar cells produce bicarbonate and are exocrine (released into lumen of intestine) Langerhans cells are endocrine and release hormoens glucagon a& insulin into bloodstream

Question 33

1. after short-term fasting, what hormone is released from the pancreas? A.Insulin B.Glucagon C.Insulin and Somatostatin D.Insulin and Glucagon

Answer 33

B. Glucagon. to make glucose from glycolysis and glyconeogensis

Question 34

2. after short-term fasting, what pathway predominates in the liver? A.Glycolysis B.Glycogen synthesis C.Lipogenesis D.Ketone body formation

Answer 34

Glycolysis. need to make glucose for body. Not make GLYCOGEN. break it down

Question 35

. Can you describe the pathophysiology of DKA?

Answer 35

Diabetic ketoacidosis. body doesn't have enough insulin to put glucose into the cells so breaks down fats-lypolysis uses that for energy. releases ketone boy so ketoacidosis