Develpment Of The Muscular And Skeletal Systems Flashcards
The Myotome forms _______
All the muscles of the body except the constrictor and dilater papillae in the eye
The somite divides into what two parts
Ventromedial part and dorsolateral part
The ventromedial part of the somite develops into what
Sclerotome
The dorsolateral part of the somite develops into what
Dermatomes and myotome
The sclerotome gives rise to
The mesenchyme - embryonic connective tissue
The mesenchyme gives rise to what three things
Hyaline cartilage
Endochondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification
Intramembranous ossification
Mesenchyme —> bone
- the mesenchyme forms in the shape of the bone you want first
- clavicle, flat bones of skull, face bones
Endochondral ossification
Mesenchyme —> cartilage —> bone
- the mesenchyme forms cartilage in the shape of the bone first
- most bones in the body
How is hyaline cartilage formed (4 steps)
Chondrification centers —> prechondrocytes —> chondroblasts —> chondrocytes
Two parts of the sclerotome
Caudal dense part
Cephalic loose part
What two parts fuse to form the vertebrae
Casual dense part and cephalic loose part of the sclerotome
Two parts of the intervertebral discs
Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus
Annulus fibrosus
Part of the intervertebral disc; consist of fibrous tissue from the sclerotome and fibrocartilage
Nucleus pulposus
Part of the intervertebral discs; made of mucous substance and notochord cells
- it’s the only remaining part left over from the notochord at this point
How do ribs form
Sclerotome cells grow out from costal processes of thoracic vertebrae; the costal cartilage is also from the sclerotome
How does the sternum form
It develops in the somatic lateral plate mesoderm; mesenchymal condensations chondrify and fuse together
Cervical rib formation
An abnormality in rib formation; causes the brachial plexus to compress against the rib and compresses the subclavian
- one of the causes of thoracic outlet syndrome
Pectus carinatum
Abnormality in rib/sternum formation; causes a protrusion of the sternum called “pigeon chest”
- unknown what causes this
- patients are otherwise normal
Pectus excavatum
Abnormality in rib/sternum formation; causes steal depression “funnel chest”
- can compress the heart and/or shift the heart to the side
- sx include SOB, fatigue with exercise
- can need surgical correction
- cause is unknown
Hox genes
Group of genes that control the body plan along a cranio-caudal axis
Caudalization
Gain of function via hox gene defect; upper vertebrae appear like lower vertebrae
cranialization
loss of function via hox gene defect; lower vertebrae appear like upper vertebrae
gain of function (caudalization) in Hox6 in cervical vertebrae
those vertebrae start to look more similar to vertebrae that are lower (thoracic)
Hox 6 is normally found in upper thoracic region; cervical vertebrae can over express Hox 6 and they will now look like thoracic vertebrae
gain of function (caudalization) of Hox 10
- normally found in lumbar region
expressed in thoracic region; the thoracic vertebrae will then look like lumbar vertebrae
loss of function (cranialization) of Hox 4
C2, C3, C4
those vertebrae will look like the vertebrae above them (C1)
loss of function (cranialization) of Hox 5
the vertebrae that lost Hox 5 will appear like C2
- Hox 5 normally found C3-T2
loss of function (cranialization) of Hox 6
Hox 6 normally found in C6-T6; those thoracic vertebrae would look like cervical vertebrae and we wouldn’t have ribs attached
loss of function (cranialization) of Hox 10
hox 10 normally found L1-S4; the lumbar vertebrae that aren’t expressing hox 10 will look thoracic
Hox 9 function
gene that encodes for floating ribs
loss of function (cranialization) of hox 9
normally T8-L4
- won’t have floating ribs with cranialization
Hox 11 location
S1-coccyx
epimere
derived from the myotome; develops into the epiaxial muscles
epaxial muscles
true muscles of the back (erector spinae muscles, splenius capitus, etc)
- innervated by the dorsal rami
hypomere
derived from the myotome; develops into the hypaxial muscles
hypaxial muscles
all other muscles of the body except the true muscles of the back (epaxial muscles) and the constrictor and dilator of pupils
- innervated by ventral rami
cervical myotomes form:
scalene, prevertebral, geniohyoid, and infrahydoid muscles
thoracic myotomes form:
later and ventral flexor muscles of the vertebral column
lumbar myotomes form:
quadratus lumborum
sacrococcygeal myotomes form:
muscles of the pelvic diaphragm
4 hypaxial divisions of the muscles
- cervical myotomes
- thoracic myotomes
- lumbar myotomes
- sacrococcygeal myotomes
poland syndrome
a result of absence of migration of hypomere cells into the chest; patient’s do not have pectoralis major and/or minor; patients have ipsilateral breast hypoplasia associated with syndactyly and sometimes loss of 2-4 ribs
prune-belly syndrome
partial or complete absence of abdominal musculature as a result of absence or abnormal migration of hypomere cells into the abdominal wall
- primarily affects males
- associated with crytorchidism and malformation of urinary tract and bladder