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Anatomy MSK > Developments > Flashcards

Developments Flashcards

1
Q

4th Week - Limb buds become visible as outpocketings from the

A

ventrolateral body wall

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2
Q

Forelimb first, hind limb-1-2 days later.

A

T

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3
Q

During 7th week of gestation upper limb rotates——— placing the extensor muscles on lateral and posterior surface, thumbs lie laterally.

A

90o laterally

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4
Q

Lower limb rotates————–placing the extensor muscles on———- surface and big toe medially. •

A

90o medially

anterior

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5
Q

Initially limb bud consists of————— derived from——————- mesoderm

A

mesenchymal core

parietal (somatic) layer of the lateral plate

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6
Q

Bones and connective tissue develop of this mesenchymal tissue. From

A

parietal (somatic) layer of the lateral plate mesoderm

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7
Q

Three components of the limbs-

A

Styopod

Zeugopod

autopod

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8
Q

Ectoderm covering the limb bud at the distal border of the limb thickens to form

A 
apical
ectodermal ridge(AER)
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9
Q

AER exerts inductive influence on adjacent mesenchyme causing it to remain
→

A

undifferentiated-Undifferentiated zone

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10
Q

Fingers and toes develop when

A

cell death in apical ectodermal ridge (AER) separates

this ridge into five parts.

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11
Q

Mesenchymal tissue in the limb buds begin

to condense and these cells differentiate into

A

chondrocytes.

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12
Q

Joints are formed in the cartilaginous

condensations when

A

chondrogenesis is arrested and a joint interzone is induced.

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13
Q

Joint cavity is formed by

A

cell death

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14
Q

Cells surrounding the joint differentiate into

A

Joint capsule

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15
Q

Mesenchymal bone-

A

Condensation of mesenchymal tissue in the limb buds- 5th week

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16
Q

hyaline cartilaginous bone-

A

Chrondrification of mesenchymal bone model to form hyaline cartilaginous bone- 6th week

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17
Q

Endochondral ossification -begins at

A

t the end of embryonic period (8th week)

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18
Q

Primary center of ossification in all long bones appear by ——week (They form the——)

A

12th

diaphysis of the
bone

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19
Q

Secondary centers of ossification begin to appear at

A

the ends of the long bones after birth. They form

the epiphyses of the bone.

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20
Q

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate) -

A

cartilaginous plate between diaphysis and epiphysis

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21
Q

When the bone acquired its full length, the ————- disappear, and epiphyses unites with
shaft (diaphysis) of the bone.

A

epiphyseal plates

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22
Q

small-long bones (phalanges)- epiphyseal plate

A

only at one end.

Normally the distal end of the bone

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23
Q

Irregular bone-

A

One or more primary centers of ossification and usually several secondary centers.

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24
Q

The ectoderm is towards——-
endoderm is towards——— and
mesoderm between ectoderm and endoderm.

A

amniotic cavity,

yolk sac

25
Q

Mesoderm can be differentiated into

A

paraxial (close to developing notochord) and lateral

plate mesoderm, with intermediate mesoderm in between.

26
Q

Paraxial mesoderm differentiates into —— arranged——-

A

somites. These somites are arranged cranio-caudally.

27
Q

Limb muscles are developed from

A

myoblasts surrounding the developing bones in the limbs.

28
Q

With elongation of the limb buds,

A

muscle tissue first splits into flexor and extensor

components

29
Q

Digit amputations resulting from

A

amniotic bands

30
Q

Congenital hip dislocation

A

Underdevelopment of acetabulum and head of the femur

31
Q

Congenital joint contracture (Arthrogryposis

A

synostosis

32
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta-

A

shortening, bowing and hypomineralization long bones

33
Q

Transverse limb deficiency

A

caused disruption to AER or by vascular

abnormalities

34
Q

Congenital Anomalies appendicular skeleton

A

Achondroplacia

Gigantism

Acromegaly

35
Q

Achondroplacia

A

Defective endochondral ossification of epihyseal bones (dwarfism)

Autosomal dominant disorder Early fusion of epiphyseal cartilage

36
Q

Gigantism

A

– Excessive height and body proportions

- Due to congenital infantile hyper pituitarism( incrased secretion of growth hormone.

37
Q

Acromegaly

A

Enlargement of bones of hand and foot

38
Q

Development of Vertebral Column

A

Cells of the sclerotome proliferate and surround the notochord and neural tube

Sclerotome will condense around notochord and neural tube

39
Q

notochord

A

axial support of the embryo)

40
Q

neural tube (which develops

A

into brain and spinal cord).

41
Q

Ossification of Vertebra

A

1) Mesenchymal vertebra
2) chondrification to form cartilaginous vertebra
3) Cartilaginous vertebra ossifies by primary and secondary centers of ossification to form bony vertebra

42
Q

primary centers of ossification

A

3

One for centrum (initially two joined to form one), one for each vertebral arch

43
Q

secondary center of ossification

A

5
One for tip of the spinous process,
one for tip of each transverse process,
two annular epiphysis:1-for superior and 1- for inferior vertebral body

44
Q

Sclerotome of each segment has caudal compactly arranged zone and cranial less compactly arranged zones.

A

T

45
Q

Each myotome has——- from the spinal cord.

A

segmental innervation

46
Q

Arteries are in the

A

inter segmental plane.

47
Q

Caudal half of sclerotome (compact) part fuses with cranial part (less dense) of the next (caudal) somite.

The central part of sclerotome becomes less compact and developed into ——of intervertebral disc.

A

anulus fibrosus

48
Q

Notochord

within body of the vertebra degenerates, and within the intervertebral disc it forms——

A

nucleus pulposus.

49
Q

Vertebral body will be in——— like the segmental arteries

Nerves will be in the—-

A

inter segmental plane,

segmental plane

50
Q

Muscles are attached to adjacent vertebra- so they can help in movement of the spine

A

T

51
Q

Congenital Anomalies of Vertebral column

A

Chondroma

Spina Bifida

Hemivertebra

Cervical rib

52
Q

Chondroma

A

Tumor of notochord

- Occur at the base of the skull, in the lumbosacral region

53
Q

Spina Bifida:

A

Failure of fusion of vertebral arches

54
Q

Open spina bifida-

A

covered by thin membrane

55
Q

Closed spina bifida

spina bifida occulta

A

covered by thick membrane or skin

56
Q

Spina bifida cystica-

A

involves spinal cord and meninges

57
Q

Cervical rib -

A

Develops from costal elements in cervical vertebra results in compression of subclavian vessels

58
Q

Hemivertebra

A

Due to failure of one half of vertebral centrum to ossify

- This leads to scoliosis- lateral curvature.

Anatomy MSK (10 decks)

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