Back1 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

Muscles- superficial layers are concerned with

positioning and movement of the upper extremity

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Deep muscle layers-

movement of vertebral

column and posture

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convexity of vertebral column

lordosis

Cervical lordosis

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concavity of vertebral column

kyphosis

Thoracic kyphosis

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33 vertebrae (upper the sacrum

24 movable

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Lumbosacral angle/ sacrovertebra

Angle

130-160 degree

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processes of a vertebra

spinous Process (1)
transverse process(2)
articular process (4)

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Function of spinous process and transverse

Muscle attachment and movement

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Function of articular process

Restriction of movement

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Function of vertebral arch

Protection of spinal cord

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Function of vertebral body

Support body weight

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Superior and inferior articular processes and their facet form

Zygopophysical joint
(Facet joint)

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Zygopophysical joint type

Synovial/ plane type

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Intervertebral disc number

23 disc
C(6)
T(12)
L(5)

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Intervertebral disc type

Fibrous cartilage (secondary)
Symphysis
Hold vertebrae together 
Shock absorber 
amphiarthrosis = slightly movable joint

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nucleus pulposus is———— and is derived from the————

avascular

notochord

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At birth, the nuclei pulposus contains ————and the disc is more————

80% water

cartilaginous

With age, the nuclei pulposus

dehydrate,
lose elastin and proteoglycans,
gain collagen and
become granular-become tougher

The lamellae of the annulus——— with age and develop fissures and cavities

Thickens

The lamellae are ———— on the posterior side than on other sides, therefore, the annulus weakens on the posterior side and the nucleus———-
leading to————

less (thinner)
herniates
compression of nerves.

Outer compact bone for support———- covered by ———-

Annular epiphyses

Endplates(hyaline cartilage super+infer)

Thickening of ligamentum flavor will result in

Spinal stenosis

Weakest trabeculuae

Horizontal in spongy bone

Structural changes in vertabrea due to osteoporosis

-Affects mainly vertebral bodies, -
vertical striping is seen due to collapse of horizontal trabeculae
-Reduced radio-density
-Thinned cortical bone-prominent
-compression fracture=collapse of the bodies
-increase thoracic kyphosis

Compression of cervical vertebra | Body;

- Rectangular - Concave superiorly - Convex inferiorly

Compression of cervical vertebra | Transverse process;

- Perforated TPs - forming Foramen Transversarium (vertebral artery passes through)

Compression of cervical vertebra | Articular processes:

Oblique = flat plane | * Vertebrae can move forward

Compression of thoracic vertebra Body;

Heart-shaped

Compression of thoracic vertebra | Transverse processes:

- long, strong & postecrolateral - Costal facets = articulates with the ribs

Compression of thoracic vertebra | Articular processes:

Vertical facets = prevents movements

Compression of lumbar vertebra Body

kidney - shaped

Compression of lumbar vertebra | 2.Transverse processes:

long, slender, & lateral

Compression of lumbar vertebra | Articular processes:

Vertical = prevents movement

Vertebral artery passes through————- of all cervical vertebrae except that of

foramina transversaria | C7

rupture of transverse ligament of atlas, dens——— ,atlas———-

stays stationary, moves anteriorly

Fracture of dens of axis | The dens and atlas—-

Move anteriorly with ligament

Forward pushing neck injuries causes

Facet jumping ( spondylolisthesis last stage)

Jefferson fracture causes

Burst -Vertical forces exerting on head (as if the head hit the bottom of a swimming pool-diving) put pressure on lateral masses of C1

Vertical forces exerting on head

- Jefferson fracture (Anterior arch and posterior arch fracture, and sometimes transverse ligament ruptures ) - Lateral mass get squeezed laterally as the lateral part of the mass is taller

Fracture dislocation of axis

Hangman’s fracture