Developmental Stages Flashcards
Oral stage, Anal stage, Phallic stage, Latent stage, Genital stage
(OAPLG)
Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development
Personality is developed through a series of childhood stages/pleasure seeking energies of the id- psychosexual energy was described as the driving force behind behavior
Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory
A human’s basic, instinctual drives
Id
Attempts to mediate between id and reality
Ego
Reflects the internalization of cultural rules usually learned from parents
Superego
An infants primary interaction with the world is through the mouth; pleasure from oral stimulation, such as tasting and sucking (Freud stage)
Oral stage (birth- 1 year)
The primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements; toilet training as the primary issue (Freud stage)
Anal stage (1- 3 years)
Primary focus of the id’s energy is on the genitals; at this stage children become aware of their gender identity (Freud stage)
Phallic stage (3- 6 years)
Sexual feelings are dormant; children develop social skills, values and relationships (Freud stage)
Latent stage (6- puberty)
Onset of puberty causes the libido to become active once again; during this stage, people develop sexual interests in others (Freud stage)
Genital stage (puberty- adult)
People actively construct higher levels of knowledge; motivation for cognitive development occurs when there is a state of ‘disequilibrium’
Piaget’s Development Theory
Sensorimotor stage, Pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage
Piaget’s Stages of Development
Infants and young children learn primarily through sensory input and action (Piaget stage)
Sensorimotor stage (birth- 2 years)
Objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight
Object permanence
Certain events cause other events
Casuality
Child begins to use language (symbols) to think about actions before performing them
Symbolic thought
Children in this stage engage in symbolic play and can solve problems mentally; another key characteristic is symbolic function
Pre-operational stage (2- 7 years)
Allows the child to learn through the use of mental images, language and other symbols that represent objects that are not present
Symbolic function
Children are capable of performing mental operations using logic and abstract thinking; classify and problem-solve
Concrete operational stage (7- 11 years)
Think abstractly, hypothetically, and in a relativistic way; develop competing hypotheses about a problem and strategies for testing the hypotheses; increase in “thinking about thinking”
-some return to egocentrism
Formal operational stage (11+ years)
Someone’s inability to understand that another person’s view/opinion may be different than their own
Egocentrism
Incorporation of new information into existing schemas
Assimilation
Modifications of existing schemas
Accommodation
Equilibrium is achieved through a combination of assimilation and accommodation which both lead to:
Adaptation
Freud’s emphasis on unconscious motivation; greater emphasis on the ego; each stage involves a psychosocial task
Erikson’s Development Theory
Basic trust develops between the infant and caregiver; failure to master can result in dependent or rigid adulation of others
Trust vs. Mistrust (0- 18 months)
Task is to achieve a sense of independence over own body; as a result will gain confidence and pride. If child is over-controlled/prohibited, likely to feel doubtful in own abilities
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months- 3 years)
Task is to set goals and carry out plans without infringing on the rights of others; exerting too much control may result in disapproval from adults and prohibit future plans/goals
Initiative vs. Guilt (3- 6 years)
Task is to develop a sense of competence by beginning school and learning to do things on own/gain confidence; peer group also begins to be of greater significance and contributes to self-esteem
Industry vs. Inferiority (6- 12 years)
Task is to learn the roles occupied as an adult and develop a sense of personal identity; peer relationships help explore various identities. Failure to develop may result in weakened sense of self
Identity vs. Role Confusion (12- 18 years)
Task is to begin forming intimate relationships with a sense of commitment and care; Failure can lead to loneliness
Intimacy vs. Isolation (18- 40 years)
Task that gives a person a sense of purpose such as career, raising children, etc. Failure may lead to little connection to others or a sense of uselessness/ rejection
Generativity vs. Stagnation (40- 65 years)
Task is look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment and accomplishment; face end of life and accept successes, failures, aging, and loss. May feel hopeless is like is viewed as unproductive
Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65- death)
Autistic stage, symbiotic stage, separation-individuation stage
Mahler Stages of Development
The Object Relations concepts refers to the way a child’s Ego becomes organized over the first 3 1/2 years of life. During this time the child struggles between self and others; the theory focuses on the reciprocal relationship between mother and infant
Mahler Stages of Development
Infant is focused purely on him/herself; unresponsive to external stimuli
Autistic stage (new born- 1 month)
Infant begins to perceive the “need-satisfying object”. Mother’s ego functions for the infant, begins to understand the mother as a separate being
Symbiotic stage (1- 5 months)
During separation, infant begins to develop an understanding of the boundaries of self and start to see their mother as a separate individual.
During individuation, child begins to develop sense of self
Separation-Individuation Stage (5- 24 months +)
Infant’s attention shifts from being inwardly focused to outwardly focused (i.e. crawling)
Differentiation Substage (5-9 months)
Infant continues to separate from caretaker, his/her autonomous ego functions become more apparent (i.e. walking, playing)
Practicing Substage (9-14 months)
Infant begins to want to act independently; moves away from mother but regularly comes back to ensure she is still there
Rapprochement Substage (14- 24 months)
Infant internalizes mother and begins to understand that their mother still exists for him/her despite her absence
Object Constancy Substage (after 24 months)
