Developmental Stages

Question 1

Oral stage, Anal stage, Phallic stage, Latent stage, Genital stage
(OAPLG)

Answer 1

Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

Question 2

Personality is developed through a series of childhood stages/pleasure seeking energies of the id- psychosexual energy was described as the driving force behind behavior

Answer 2

Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory

Question 3

A human’s basic, instinctual drives

Answer 3

Id

Question 4

Attempts to mediate between id and reality

Answer 4

Ego

Question 5

Reflects the internalization of cultural rules usually learned from parents

Answer 5

Superego

Question 6

An infants primary interaction with the world is through the mouth; pleasure from oral stimulation, such as tasting and sucking (Freud stage)

Answer 6

Oral stage (birth- 1 year)

Question 7

The primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements; toilet training as the primary issue (Freud stage)

Answer 7

Anal stage (1- 3 years)

Question 8

Primary focus of the id’s energy is on the genitals; at this stage children become aware of their gender identity (Freud stage)

Answer 8

Phallic stage (3- 6 years)

Question 9

Sexual feelings are dormant; children develop social skills, values and relationships (Freud stage)

Answer 9

Latent stage (6- puberty)

Question 10

Onset of puberty causes the libido to become active once again; during this stage, people develop sexual interests in others (Freud stage)

Answer 10

Genital stage (puberty- adult)

Question 11

People actively construct higher levels of knowledge; motivation for cognitive development occurs when there is a state of ‘disequilibrium’

Answer 11

Piaget’s Development Theory

Question 12

Sensorimotor stage, Pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage

Answer 12

Piaget’s Stages of Development

Question 13

Infants and young children learn primarily through sensory input and action (Piaget stage)

Answer 13

Sensorimotor stage (birth- 2 years)

Question 14

Objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight

Answer 14

Object permanence

Question 15

Certain events cause other events

Answer 15

Casuality

Question 16

Child begins to use language (symbols) to think about actions before performing them

Answer 16

Symbolic thought

Question 17

Children in this stage engage in symbolic play and can solve problems mentally; another key characteristic is symbolic function

Answer 17

Pre-operational stage (2- 7 years)

Question 18

Allows the child to learn through the use of mental images, language and other symbols that represent objects that are not present

Answer 18

Symbolic function

Question 19

Children are capable of performing mental operations using logic and abstract thinking; classify and problem-solve

Answer 19

Concrete operational stage (7- 11 years)

Question 20

Think abstractly, hypothetically, and in a relativistic way; develop competing hypotheses about a problem and strategies for testing the hypotheses; increase in “thinking about thinking”
-some return to egocentrism

Answer 20

Formal operational stage (11+ years)

Question 21

Someone’s inability to understand that another person’s view/opinion may be different than their own

Answer 21

Egocentrism

Question 22

Incorporation of new information into existing schemas

Answer 22

Assimilation

Question 23

Modifications of existing schemas

Answer 23

Accommodation

Question 24

Equilibrium is achieved through a combination of assimilation and accommodation which both lead to:

Answer 24

Adaptation

Question 25

Freud’s emphasis on unconscious motivation; greater emphasis on the ego; each stage involves a psychosocial task

Answer 25

Erikson’s Development Theory

Question 26

Basic trust develops between the infant and caregiver; failure to master can result in dependent or rigid adulation of others

Answer 26

Trust vs. Mistrust (0- 18 months)

Question 27

Task is to achieve a sense of independence over own body; as a result will gain confidence and pride. If child is over-controlled/prohibited, likely to feel doubtful in own abilities

Answer 27

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months- 3 years)

Question 28

Task is to set goals and carry out plans without infringing on the rights of others; exerting too much control may result in disapproval from adults and prohibit future plans/goals

Answer 28

Initiative vs. Guilt (3- 6 years)

Question 29

Task is to develop a sense of competence by beginning school and learning to do things on own/gain confidence; peer group also begins to be of greater significance and contributes to self-esteem

Answer 29

Industry vs. Inferiority (6- 12 years)

Question 30

Task is to learn the roles occupied as an adult and develop a sense of personal identity; peer relationships help explore various identities. Failure to develop may result in weakened sense of self

Answer 30

Identity vs. Role Confusion (12- 18 years)

Question 31

Task is to begin forming intimate relationships with a sense of commitment and care; Failure can lead to loneliness

Answer 31

Intimacy vs. Isolation (18- 40 years)

Question 32

Task that gives a person a sense of purpose such as career, raising children, etc. Failure may lead to little connection to others or a sense of uselessness/ rejection

Answer 32

Generativity vs. Stagnation (40- 65 years)

Question 33

Task is look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment and accomplishment; face end of life and accept successes, failures, aging, and loss. May feel hopeless is like is viewed as unproductive

Answer 33

Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65- death)

Question 34

Autistic stage, symbiotic stage, separation-individuation stage

Answer 34

Mahler Stages of Development

Question 35

The Object Relations concepts refers to the way a child’s Ego becomes organized over the first 3 1/2 years of life. During this time the child struggles between self and others; the theory focuses on the reciprocal relationship between mother and infant

Answer 35

Mahler Stages of Development

Question 36

Infant is focused purely on him/herself; unresponsive to external stimuli

Answer 36

Autistic stage (new born- 1 month)

Question 37

Infant begins to perceive the “need-satisfying object”. Mother’s ego functions for the infant, begins to understand the mother as a separate being

Answer 37

Symbiotic stage (1- 5 months)

Question 38

During separation, infant begins to develop an understanding of the boundaries of self and start to see their mother as a separate individual.
During individuation, child begins to develop sense of self

Answer 38

Separation-Individuation Stage (5- 24 months +)

Question 39

Infant’s attention shifts from being inwardly focused to outwardly focused (i.e. crawling)

Answer 39

Differentiation Substage (5-9 months)

Question 40

Infant continues to separate from caretaker, his/her autonomous ego functions become more apparent (i.e. walking, playing)

Answer 40

Practicing Substage (9-14 months)

Question 41

Infant begins to want to act independently; moves away from mother but regularly comes back to ensure she is still there

Answer 41

Rapprochement Substage (14- 24 months)

Question 42

Infant internalizes mother and begins to understand that their mother still exists for him/her despite her absence

Answer 42

Object Constancy Substage (after 24 months)