Developmental Psychology Flashcards
Critical Period: Definition
Limited time during which something can develop
Sensitive Period
A time when something develops, but there is flexibility within it.
Genotype
Characteristics that are determined by info on the genes
Phenotype
Observable characteristics that are affected by genes & environment
Canalization
Traits that are largely uninfluenced by environment (e.g. developmental milestones)
Range of Reaction
Traits that have boundaries set by genotype, so a range of phenotypes are possible
Secular Trends: definition
Generational differences in growth and development (e.g. changing age of first period)
Gene-Environment Correlation
Niche-picking: we seek out environments that are compatible with our generics
Heritability Index: definition
Used to estimate genetic factors
Ranges from: 0 - +1.00 (higher = more heritability)
3 Mechanisms of Genetic Inheritence
- Dominant/recessive genes: homozygous or heterozygous
- Sex-Linked traits: mostly transmitted on X
- Polygenic inheritence: determined by multiple gene pairs
Huntington’s Disease
Genetic
Caused by autosomal dominant gene
Degenerative CNS disorder
Phenylketoneria (PKU)
Genetic
Recessive gene disorder
Lack enzyme to digest an amino acid, which then becomes toxic and causes I.D
Can be prevented by diet: no milk, eggs, fish, bread
Down’s Syndrome
3 of the 21st chromosome
Causes:
* I.D
* Physical features
* risk of congenital heart disease
* thyroid dysfunction
* impaired vision
* Alzheimers
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Chromosomal
Paternal chromosome 15 DELETED
Causes:
* I.D
* Over eating
* Hypogonadism
* OCD
* Physical features
Klinefelter Syndrome
Only affects AMAB
Caused by an extra X chromosome
Secondary sex characteristics incomplete, often infertile
Turner Syndrome
Chromosomal
Only affects AFAB
All or part of X is missing
Don’t develop secondary sex characteristics
Features:
* infertile
* short
* stubby fingers
* ‘webbed’ neck
Fragile X Syndrome
Weak site on X chromosome
AMAB & AFAB
Features:
* Physical, intellectual, beh challenges
Teratogens: What are they?
An external thing that interferes with typical prenatal development. The impact depends on what stage of development they are introduced
3 Stages of Prenatal Development
- Germinal Period: contraception to implantation
- Embryonic Period: end of 2nd week to end of 8th week. Organs very susceptible to damage here
- Fetal Period: 9th week to birth. Organs less vulnerable, CNS more vulnerable
Common Teratogens (9)
- Alcohol: FAS/FAE
- Nicotine: respiratory, inattention/hyperactivity
- Cocaine: organ deformation, reactive once born, high cognitive impact
- Rubella: low birth weight, heart defects, I.D, gastro, cataracts
- Herpes: brain damage, seizures, I.D, L.D, fatality common
- Cytomegalovirus: can be fatal
- HIV: often premature. 80% die by 10, 20% by 4
- Prenatal Malnutrition: early on can cause abortion, organ abnormalities, later on impacts brain size and birth weight
- Maternal Stress: low birth weight, respiratory, irritability, hyperactivity
What is Premature Birth
More than 37 weeks early
Most survive and catch up to peers
What does ‘Small for Gestational Age’ mean?
Birth weight is below the 10th percentile
At higher risk than premies
What happens during Fetal Distress?
It can happen before or during birth
May lead to a slowing of labour, abnormal substances in the amniotic fluid, irregular heart rate
MMEMC
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model: 5 Systems
- Microsystem: immediate environment
- Mesosystem: interconnections between microsystems
- Exosystem: environments your not in direct contact with, but still impact you (e.g. partners work)
- Macrosystem: sociocultural context
- Chronosystems: life stages, events that impact development
Rutter’s 6 Family Characteristics of Risk
MSLPMP
- Marital discord
- Low SES
- Large family, overcrowding
- Parental criminality
- Materal psychiatric disorder
- Placement of child outside of home
The Four Infant Reflexes
- Palmar grasp
- Babinski toes
- Moro (startle): back arch, extend legs
- Rooting: turns head when stroked near mouth
What is vision like during infancy?
- The least developed sense at birth
- Prefer facial stimuli
- @1mo discriminate faces
- @2-3mo distinguish colours
- @60mo depth perception
- by 1yo, same as adult
What is hearing like in infancy?
- Just below adults at birth
- Prefer human voice
- Auditory localization: present at birth, disappears @ 2-4mos, returns @ 12mos
What are taste and smell like in infancy?
Can distinguish all four at birth
Preference for sweet flavours
Is early physical maturation beneficial?
It can be for AMAB, but not AFAB
Piaget’s Constructivist Theory: the premise
Learning is a dynamic process in which learners actively construct knowledge through a series of stages by creating and testing their own theories of the world
Piaget’s Theory: Equilibrium
The drive towards cognitive consistency
When consistency is not achieved, disequilibrium occurs
What do we do when disequilibrium happens, according to Piaget?
ADAPTATION
What are the 2 types of adaptation, according to Piaget?
- Assimilation: blend new info into an existing schema
- Accommodation: Modify an existing schema to account for new information
What are the 4 stages of Piaget’s Theory?
- Sensorimotor: birth-2yo
- Preoperational: 2-7yo
- Concrete Operational: 7-12yo
- Formal Operational: 12yo+
Three things of adolescent egocentrism
- Imaginary audience: think everyone is watching them
- Personal fable
- Invincibility complex
Information Processing Theories: what is their premise?
Focus on quantitative changes in cognition
Human processing is similar to a computer
Changes in biological systems and experiences allows children to become better processors
What are the Neo-Piagetian Theories?
A blend of Piaget’s and Information Processing Theories
Include qualitative changes
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory: what 2 levels does learning occur on?
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal: uses overt or covert private speech
Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development: what is it?
The gap between what a kid can currently do alone, and what they could do with support
Scaffolding: building appropriate challenges to support kids in developing skills
What is memory like in childhood?
@2-3mos: cued recall memory
@2-3yo: show episodic memory, but we often forget it
@9-10yo: rehearsal and other memory strategies get used more often
Metamemory develops
What is metamemory?
Knowledge about our own memory processes
What memory gets impacted in adulthood?
Recent LT memory and working memory
Age impacts episodic memory more than semantic or procedural
Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence
All mental tasks require two abilities:
1. General ability ‘g’
2. Specific ability ‘s’
Guilford’s Structure of Intellect Theory
Derived 180 intellectual abilities
1. Convergent Thinking: logical processes, single correct answer
2. Divergent Thinking: flexibility and non-logical processes to derive multiple solutions
Horn and Cattell’s GC-GF Theory
Two types of intelligence
Crystallized Intelligence: acquired knowledge and ability to apply it to situations
Fluid Intelligence: unaffected by experience, underlies ability to reason and adapt to new situations
Carroll’s Three Stratum Theory
- Stratum III: g (general intelligence)
- Stratum II: 8 broad abilities (fluid & crystallized IQ, general memory, learning)
- Stratum I: specific abilities that are linked to 2nd stratum abilities
Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory of Cognitive Abilities
10 broad cognitive abilities
70 narrow cognitive abilities
Framework for KABC-II and Woodcock-Johnson III
Gardner’s 8 Multiple Intelligences
BILLM SIN
- Linguistic
- Logical-Mathematical
- Musical
- Bodily-Kinesthetic
- Spatial
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- Naturalistic
CEP
Sternberg’s Triarchic Model of Intelligence
- Componential: analytic, methods of processing
- Experiential: creative, how unfamiliarity is handled
- Practical: how they respond to environment
What is the Confluence Model of Intelligence?
First borns have IQ advantage because they have higher intellectual stimulation and resources
Behavioural Theories of Language Development
Focus on environmental factors
Reinforcement and imitation
Nativist Theories of Language Development
Focus on innate factors
Supported by: kids quickly learn how to apply complex grammatical rules
Chomsky’s Language Acquisition Device: kids w/ good vocab combine words into novel but grammatically correct structures
Cognitive Theories of Language Development
Language acquisition is motivated by a child’s desire to express meaning and communicate
SPMPS
What are the 5 components of language?
- Syntax
- Phonemes
- Morpheme
- Pragmatics
- Semantics
Syntax
The rules of grammar
Semantics
The meanings expressed
Pragmatics
Knowledge about how to use language and communicate effectively
Phonemes
The smallest units of sound
Morpheme
The smallest unit of meaning
8 parts
What is the sequence of language development?
- Cooing (1-2mos)
- Babbling (4-6mos)
- Echolalia/Expressive Jargon (9mos)
- First Words (10-15mos)
- Holophrastic Speech (12-18mos): single word + gesture
- Telegraphic Speech (18-24mos): two-word meaning
- Rapid Vocab Growth (30-36mos): 3-4 word sentences
- Complete Grammatical Forms (36-48mos): more complexity to language
Language Error: Underextension
Word used too narrowly
Overextension
Word used too broadly
Overregularization
Misapplies general rule of language
What is Temperament?
A person’s basic behavioural pattern and style
Stable from 2 yo onward
Thomas & Chess 9 Temperament Dimensions
DA RAAAT IQ
- Activity level
- Rhythmicity
- Adaptability
- Approach/withdrawal
- Threshold for responsibility
- Intensity of reaction
- Quality of mood
- Distractibilty
- Attention span/persistence
3 Categories of Kids Based on Thomas & Chess’s Temperament Dimensions
- Easy Children: cheerful, flexible, regular schedules
- Slow-to-Warm up: sad, tense, inflexible, withdrawn, irregular schedule
- Difficult Children: irritability
What are the 5 Stages of Freud’s Psychosexual Development?
- Oral Stage (0-1yr)
- Anal Stage (1-3yrs)
- Phallic Stage (3-6yrs): oedipal/elektra complexes. If resolved, the superego forms
- Latency Stage (6yr-puberty): sexual drive dormant, superego solidified, social values assimilated
- Genital Stage (post puberty): sex drive reactivated and reoriented
Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Trust vs Mistrust (birth-1yr)
- Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (1-3yrs)
- Initiative vs Guilt (3-6yrs)
- Industry vs Inferiority (6yo-puberty)
- Identity vs Identity Confusion (adolescence)
- Intimacy vs Isolation (young adulthood)
- Generativity vs Stagnation (middle adulthood)
- Ego integrity vs Despair
What are Baumrind’s 4 Parenting Styles?
- Authoritative
- Authoritarian: insecure, timid, lack motivation
- Permissive: impulsive, ignore rules, uninvolved
- Uninvolved: impulsive, leads to anti-sociality
What are two dimensions of Baumrind’s Parenting Styles?
- Acceptance/Responsiveness
- Demandingness/Control
Self Awareness in Young Childhood
18mos: recognize self
19-30mos: self description + eval
30-40mos: respond to wrong doing
How do kids describe themselves as they develop from 3-15+?
3-9yrs: physical
9-12rs: what they’re doing
12-15yo: social self
15+: psychological self
Psychodynamic view of Gender Identity Development
When the crisis of the phallic stage is resolved by identifying with the same sex parent, gender identity develops
Social Learning Theory of Gender Identity Development
Rewards and punishments for gender appropriate/inappropriate behaviour
Gender Schema Therapy of Gender Identity Development
Masculine and feminine schemas are used to perceive and encode information
These schemas develop by 3yo
Kohlberg’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory of Gender Identity
- Gender Identity Development (2-3yo): child recognizes their gender
- Gender Stability: recognize that gender is stable over time
- Gender Constancy: realize that gender identity doesn’t change based on your gender expression
Erikson’s and Marcia’s Adolescent Identity Crisis
- Identity Diffusion: no crisis, not committed to any identity
- Identity Foreclosure: no crisis, committed to an identity upon suggestion
- Identity Moratorium: crisis, explore options
- Identity Achievement: resolved crisis, committed to identity
Gilligan’s Relational Crisis
Preteen girls have a crisis that makes them exile parts of themselves in favor of more feminine stereotypes
a ‘loss of voice’ is experienced when they realize their opinions are not valued as much as mens
Levinson’s ‘Season’s of a Man’s Life’
4 Stages
- Early Adult Transition: emotionally and financially independent
- Age 30 Transition (28-33yo): reevaluate life choices, ‘settle down’
- Midlife Transition (40-45yo): evaluate success and failures
- Late Adult Transition (60-65yo): reconcile the ‘dream’ with their lives
What is Bowlby’s Ethological Theory?
The bestest attachment theory
Attachment is innate and is the foundation from which we make sense of the world
What are Bowlby’s Innate Attachment Behaviours?
- Sucking
- Crying
The 4 Stages of Attachment According to Bowlby
- Preattachment
- Attachment in the making
- Clear cut attachment
- Reciprocal relationships
What is Social Referencing?
Infants gauge their reaction based on their caregiver’s reaction
When does Separation Anxiety Peak?
18-24 months
Starts around 6 mos
When does Stranger Anxiety Peak?
18-24 months
Starts around 8-10 months
3 Stages of Prolonged Separation
- Protest: loud crying, rejection of other adults
- Despair: crying, withdrawal
- Detachment: apathy
What are Ainsworth’s 4 Attachment Styles?
- Secure
- Anxious/Avoidant: low interest in environment, low distress with separation, sometimes wary of strangers
- Anxious/Resistant: anxious around CG, distressed with separation but ambivalent upon return, may reject comfort, always wary of strangers
- Disorganized/Disoriented: alternate between avoidance and proximity seeking
What are the 4 Adult Attachment Styles?
PUDS
- Secure-Autonomous: integrate good and bad from childhood. coherent narratives. value relationships.
- Dismissing: devalue relationships, guarded, idealize parents
- Preoccupied: confused about early attachment. angry/fearful/passive, a lot of role reversal during childhood
- Unresolved: have not resolved own trauma, dysfunctional family relationships
Damon Stages of Friendship
- 4-7 yo Shared Interests: friends are ppl you play with
- 8-10yo Mutual Trust & Assistance: friends are ppl you can count on
- 11yo+ Intimacy and Loyalty: friends understand you, and don’t deceive or abandon you
When is Conformity to Peers the Strongest?
14-15yo
Strongest for positive behaviours
How do friendships change in adulthood?
We become more selective due to limited time and capacity
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory: the more that time feels constrained, the more selective we are
What are the first emotions that infants experience?
@birth interest, disgust, distress
@few months sadness, joy, surprise, anger, fear
More complex emotions arise around 2yo (envy, empathy, embarrassment) and later (guilt, shame, pride)
Social Learning Approach of Aggression Origin
- Coercive family interaction style: coercion used to influence behaviour + poor monitoring
- Mimic caregivers aggression and use it instrumentally
Cognitive Theory of Aggression Development
- Believe it’s easier to act aggressive than to inhibit
- Expect that aggression has positive outcomes
- No remorse
Dodge and Crick’s Cognitive Model of Aggression
- Encoding social cues
- Interpretation of social cues
- Response search
- Response evaluation
- Response enactment
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development
PHA
- Premoral Stage (birth-5yo): limited understanding of rules
- Heteronomous Stage (5-6yo): rules absolute, judge morality based on the consequences, egocentrism leads to inflexibility
- Autonomous Stage (10-11yo): flexibility, rules made by agreement between people and are alterable. Intentions are considered when judging.
What is the effect of divorce on the parents?
Diminished parenting capacity for 2ish years
What is the effect of divorce on children?
Preschoolers have worst ST impact but better LT impact
Boys more immediate impact + more externalization
Girls may have a ‘sleeper effect’
What is the Montesorri Education Method?
- Practical life skills
- Sensory skills
- Language and math skills
- Physical, social, cultural skills
Has mixed outcomes
What is the Head Start program and does it work?
Developed for lower income people to prepare for school
IQ gains are not maintained, but there is less drop out and higher achievement scores
Stanford Binet Intelligence Assessment (SB5)
Ages: 2-85yo
Assesses: developmental disability, psych-ed, forensic, career, neuropsych
5 Cognitive Factors:
1. Fluid reasoning
2. Knowledge
3. Working memory
4. Quantitative reasoning
5. Visual-Spatial processing
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WISC)
Ages: 16-90yo
Premise: intelligence is a global ability made of different factors
Indexes:
1. Working Memory
2. Verbal Comprehension
3. Perceptual Reasoning
4. Processing Speed
Slosson Intelligence Test
SIT-P: 2-7yo
SIT-R3: 4-65yo
Assesses: cognitive ability, verbal intelligence
Can be used with visually impaired people
Kauffman Intelligence Test
3 diff. ones
KABC-II: 3-18yo
* Tests: simultaneous, sequential, planning, learning knowledge
KBIT-2: 4-90yo
* tests V and NV abilities
KAIT: 11-85yo
* Tests: fluid, crystallized, total
* More culturally fair
Woodcock-Johnson III
- WJIII of Cognitive Abilities: general and specific
-
WJIII of Achievement: oral language, academic achievement
Ages: 2-90yo
Used to test for eligibility for special ed
Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT)
Group test
Tests: verbal, NV and quantitative reasoning
Ages: K-12 school kids
Predicts grades and evaluates for gifted programs
Wanderlic Personnel Test-R
Group test
50 items
Tests: verbal, numerical, spatial
Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development
Ages: 1-42mos
Assesses: cognitive, motor, language, social-emotional, adaptive behaviour
Detects developmental delays
Denver Developmental Screening Test
Infants & Preschoolers
Ages: 0-6yo
Observations:
* personal-social
* fine motor adaptive
* language
* gross motor
Developmental delay: if fail an item that 90% of kids got at younger age
Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence
Ages: 3-12mos
Assesses: recognition memory, compares time they look at novel vs familiar pictures
Columbia Mental Maturity Scale
Ages: 3-12yo
Doesn’t require verbal or fine motor skill
Developed for use with ppl w/ cerebral palsy or other disabilities affecting motor
Peabody Picture Vocab Test 4th ed.
Ages: 2yr6mos-90yo
Assesses: verbal intelligence
Indicate pic that best describes a word
Good for ppl w/ speech or motor impairment
Hiskey Nebraska test of Learning Aptitude
Ages: 3-17yo6mos
Used w/ ppl w/ hearing impairment
Picture association, spatial reasoning, visual attention span, memory for colour
Leiter International Performance Scale 3rd Ed.
Ages: 3-75yo
No verbal requirement
Good for hearing impaired or ESL
Raven’s Progress Matrices
All non-verbal
Solve problems w/ abstract designs
Ages: 6yo+
Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities
Ages: 5-12yo11mos
3 Global Composite Scores:
* general language
* spoken language
* written language
Finds: dyslexia, low phonological coding
Wide Range Academic Achievement Test
Ages: 5-94yo
Assesses: reading, spelling, math
Finds: LD’s
General Aptitude Test Battery
Used for: career counselling + job placement
Evaluates 9 aptitudes
Purdue Pegboard and Crawford Small Parts Dexterity Occupational Tests
Looks at: psychomotor skills
Practice effects may be problem
What is the Individual’s w/ Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?
All disabled kids get education, testing and IPP
Larry P. v. Riles: what is it about?
Racial bias in testing
San Fran banned from using IQ tests to place black kids in special ed programs
What is the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)?
- Schools can’t release educational info w/o CG consent
- CG have right to ask or educational info and challenge it
- Old records be destroyed
