Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Heme Path > Developmental Hematology > Flashcards

Developmental Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

The hematopoetic stem cells which lead to all blood formed elements have maximum (1) ability but are only minimally (2) and tend to not divide as quickly as more differentiated cells

A
  1. self-renewal

2. differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When stem cells divide they usually divide into?

A

a stem cell which remains pluripotent and a second cell which can differentiate along a more specific lineage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stem cells express (1) and respond to (2)

A
  1. CD34 and c-kit

2. stem cell factor (SCF) and IL-6.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The pluripotent stem cell can differentiate either along the (1) pathway

A
  1. lymphopoetic or myelopoetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In the lymphopoetic pathway, cells are initially (1) positive and later B cells develop surface immunoglobulin which switches class from (2) to (3)

A
  1. CD34 and TdT (terminal transferase)
  2. IgM
  3. IgG or IgD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The most differentiated B cells are (1) cells which produce large quantities of specific clonal immunoglobulins.

A
  1. plasma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In the myelopoetic pathway, the precursors can differentiate into (1) in response to (2) or (3) in response to (4)

A
  1. normoblasts (erythrocyte progenitors)
  2. erythropoietin
  3. megakaryocytes
  4. thrombopoetin.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Megakaryocyte (2) becomes (1) in response to other factors.

A
  1. cytoplasm and membrane

1. platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Myeloid differentiation: (1) confers eosinophilic differentiation

A
  1. IL-5
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Myeloid differentiation: (1) confers granulocytic differentiation

A
  1. G-CSF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Myeloid differentiation: (1) confers monocyte differentiation

A
  1. M-CSF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Erythropoiesis is perhaps the ultimate example of the inverse relationship between cell proliferation and differentiation since completely formed red blood cells lose their (1) so they can no longer divide or synthesize proteins.

A
  1. nuclei and ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Erythroid progenitors can basically either form (1) which are large collection of red cell progenitors or they can form (2) which are smaller populations

A
  1. bursts

2. colonies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

During human embryologic development, blood formation begins initially in the (3) but then the (1) are the major sites for red cell production during the (2) trimester.

A
  1. blood islands in extraembryonic tissues
  2. liver and spleen
  3. second
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When does the bone marrow become the major site of red cell development?

A

during the third trimester and after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In certain disorders with poor erythropoesis there can be a reversion to (1) hematopoesis in adult life which can involve a number of organs but most commonly involves (2)

A
  1. extramedullary (outside bone marrow)

2. liver or spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fetal red blood cells also express embryonal (1) and fetal hemoglobin (2) prior to the predominant production of adult hemoglobins (3) after birth and in adult life. This phenomenon is called (4)

A
  1. HBepsilon and HAzeta
  2. HBgamma
  3. delta and beta
  4. hemoglobin switching.
18
Q

embryonal hemoglobgin

A

HBepsilon and HAzeta

19
Q

fetal hemoglobin

A

HBgamma

20
Q

Adult hemoglobin

A

delta and beta

21
Q

In patients with thalassemia or sickle cell anemia, the persistence of (1) can improve oxygenation to tissues.

A
  1. fetal gamma hemoglobin
22
Q

nucleated red cells

A

normoblasts (orthochromatic erythroblast)

23
Q

red cells with ribosomes for Hb synthesis but without nuclei

A

reticulocytes (polychromatic erythrocytes

24
Q

Stem cells attached by (1) junctions to
(2) lining the inner surface of
bone cavities

A
  1. adherens

2. osteoblasts

25
Q

bursts vs. colonies

A

bursts - high proliferation rate; more primitive

colonies - lower proliferation rate, high differentiation stage; later lineage cels produce colonies

26
Q

Hematopoesis in children versus elderly

A

Occurs in bone marrow of:
Children - long bones (tibia and femur)
Elderly - central bones vertebrae and pelvis)

27
Q

Fetal hemoglobin is resistant to (1) which makes it easier to measure in the lab

A
  1. alkali
28
Q

What factors shift the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin?

A

An increase in CO2, acid, DPG, exercise and temperature make the curve go to the right. “CADET face right”

29
Q

Embryo vs. fetus;

A

Embryo–> fertilization to 8th week of gestation;

Fetus–> 8th week to birth;

30
Q

Embryo vs. fetus vs. adult; compare Hb types.

A

Embryo–> “Gower” hemoglobin consisting of EPSILON and A Zeta chain;
Fetal–> fetal Hb consisting of alpha2 and GAMMA2

Adult Hb–> alpha 2 and BETA2 (predominantly) or alpha2 and DELTA2

31
Q

Benign vs. malignant tumor clonality

A

Benign: multi-clonal

 - Like inflammatory or benign lymphoproliferative type multi-clonal  - Malignant: Expansion of a single clone -> mono-clonal
32
Q

Why is chemotherapy not more successful?

A

Targets highly proliferative cells such as malignant cell, but also kills of some hematopoietic stem cells; since the HSC dont divide as often, it leaves patients at risk for infection, etc.

33
Q

Bone marrow vs. blood vs. tissue

A

Primitive cells found in bone marrow;
Blood–> only DIFFERENTIATED cells here; if you see primitive cells then may be lymphoma;
Tissue–> mast cells, macrophages, plasma cell, etc

34
Q

Myeloid progenitor–>G-CSF; GM-CSF

A

G-CSF–>Basophil and neutrophil

GM-CSF–> nonspecific;

35
Q

Platelets are the cytoplasm and membrane of megakaryocytes; no 1). But, they do have 2)

A

1) NUCLEI

2) mitochondria (since need E for E-depdent processes.

36
Q

Mature RBCs vs. platelets

A

BOTH have no nuclei;

Platelets have mitochondria; RBCs have NO mitochondria or any organelles;

37
Q

As erythrocytes mature, they 1)_____; 2)_____ 3)decrease in ___

A

1) lose nuclei;
2) lose organelles;
3) membrane, proteins, and cytoskeleton

38
Q

As erythrocytes mature, histologically, start off 1) but as lose nuclei and gain Hb get more 2)

A

1) blue

2) RED

39
Q

First place where hematopoiesis occurs in fetus

A

yolk sac (early) then liver and spleen (second trimester) then bone marrow (third)

40
Q

Adult hematopoiesis

A

Vertebra and pelvis; followed by STERNUM

41
Q

B cell development–> 1) and 2) as early markers; first secrete Immunoglobulin 3) which then classs switch to 4)

A

1 and 2) CD34 and TDT

3) IgG
4) IgM and IgD

42
Q

B cell development–> antigen independent in ____

antigen dependent in _____

A

1) bone marrow;

2) peripheral lymphoid tissues

Heme Path (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions