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Oral Pathology > Developmental Defects of the Oral and Maxillofacial Region > Flashcards

Developmental Defects of the Oral and Maxillofacial Region Flashcards

1
Q

Cause of orofacial cleft

A

genetics
environmental factors

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2
Q

maternal environmental factors of orofacial clefts

A

alcohol consumption
cigarette smoking
folic acid deficiency
corticosteroid use
anticonvulsant therapy

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3
Q

types of orofacial clefts

A

cleft lip and cleft palate
lateral facial cleft
oblique facial cleft
medial facial cleft

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4
Q

fusion defect of lateral facial cleft

A

maxillary and mandibular process

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5
Q

fusion defect of oblique facial cleft

A

upper lip to eye

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6
Q

fusion defect of medial facial cleft

A

median nasal process

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7
Q

most common orofacial cleft

A

cleft lip and cleft palate

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8
Q

cleft lip only prevalence

A

25%

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9
Q

fusion defect of cleft lip

A

median nasal process and maxillary process

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10
Q

most common type of cleft lip

A

80% unilateral
70% left side
70% associated with cleft palate

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11
Q

prevalence of cleft palate only

A

30%

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12
Q

fusion defect of cleft palate

A

palatal shelves

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13
Q

prevalence of cleft lip and palate together

A

45%

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14
Q

complications of cleft palate

A

voice (nasal)
respiratory tract infections
fluid regurgitation
poor seal
dental abnormalities

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15
Q

management of orofacial clefts

A

take into account growth of bone and growth spurts
multiple primary and secondary procedures

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16
Q

defects associated with Pierre-Robin Sequence

A

mandibular micrognathia
macroglossia
cleft palate

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17
Q

sequence of pierre-robin sequence

A
  1. small mandible
  2. no forcing tongue down in development
  3. no room for nasal palatal shelves
  4. cleft palate
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18
Q

presentation of pierre-robin sequence

A

tiny chin
tiny mandible
big tongue
cleft palate

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19
Q

clinical problems associated with Pierre-robin sequence

A

hypoxia
feeding problems
failure to thrive
cerebral impairment
upper airway obstruction by tongue

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20
Q

management of pierre-robin sequence

A

prone position
nasopharyngeal intubation
lip tongue adhesion
mandibular distraction
tracheostomy

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21
Q

clinical features of commissural lip pits

A

-blind tract
-corners of mouth, unilateral or bilateral
-occasionally express saliva

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22
Q

association of commissural lip pits

A

not associated with orofacial clefts
may be associated with preauricular pits

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23
Q

clinical features fo paramedian lip pits

A

-congenital fistulas of the lower lip
-congenital lip pits
-adjacent to midline

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24
Q

associations of paramedian lip pits

A

associated with van der woude syndrome

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25
Q

clinical features of double lip

A

-redundant tissue
-congenital and acquired (trauma, lip sucking habit)

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26
Q

associations of double lip

A

ascher syndrome
-double lip
-blepharochalasis (edema of upper eyelids)
-nontoxic thyroid enlargement / goiter

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27
Q

clinical features of fordyce granules

A

-ectopic sebaceous glands
-multiple yellow / white papules
-development at puberty
-asymptomatic
-oral sebaceous glands
-no treatment necessary

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28
Q

clinical features of leukoderma

A

-blacks > whites
-diffuse, gray-white, milky, opalescent appearance
-more prominent in smokers
-does not rub off
-reduced intensity whens tretched

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29
Q

congenital and hereditary causes of macroglossia

A

-vascular malformation
-lymphangioma
-hemangioma
-cretinism
-down syndrome
-neurofibromatosis
-multiple endocrine neoplasia

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30
Q

acquired causes of macroglossia

A

-edentulism
-muscular hypertrophy
-amyloidosis
-myxedema
-acromegaly
-neoplasia

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31
Q

prevalence of ankyloglossia

A

1.7-10.7% of neonates
M>F

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32
Q

impairments associated with ankyloglossia

A

-short thick lingual frenum
-limits tongue mobility
-occasional impaired breastfeeding
-occasional mild speech impairment

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33
Q

management of ankyloglossia

A

often self correcting
frenectomy if necessary

34
Q

diagnosis of lingual thyroid

A

diagnosis established by thyroid scan using iodine isotopes of technetium-99m

35
Q

gender predilection of lingual thyroid

A

more common in females

36
Q

clinical features of lingual thyroid

A

-dysphasia, dyspnea, dysphonia during puberty
-avoid biopsy in case only thyroid tissue in body

37
Q

prevalence and complications of lingual thyroid in males

A

incidence of thyroid carcinoma in lingual thyroid in males is high

prophylactic removal of lingual thyroid in males older than 30

38
Q

clinical features of fissured tongue

A

grooves
association with geographic tongue

COMPONENT OF MELKERSSON-ROSENTHAL SYNDROME (fissured tongue, facial palsy, cheilitis granulomatosa)

39
Q

management of fissured tongue

A

no treatment required

40
Q

clinical features of hairy tongue

A

due to keratin accumulation on filiform papilla
colored by tobacco, bacteria, food

41
Q

management of hairy tongue

A

discontinue tobacco
improve oral hygiene
brush and scrape tongue

42
Q

clinical features of coated tongue

A

black tongue - caused by pepto bismole (bismut subsalicylate)

43
Q

exostosis

A

localized bony prominences (non-tumorous)

44
Q

cause of eagle syndrome

A

-stylohyoid / carotid artery syndrome
-calcified stylohyod ligament
-usually happend post tonsillectomy

45
Q

clinical features of eagle syndrome

A

-compression of adjacent nerves and blood vessels (carotid and sympathetic chain)

46
Q

management of eagle syndrome

A

reserved for severe cases and include resection of elongated styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament

47
Q

stafne defect

A

latent bone cyst, static bone cyst, lingual mandibular salivary gland depression

MANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLAND TISSUE

48
Q

examples of developmental cysts of orofacial region

A

palatal cysts of newborn
nasolabial cyst
nasopalatine cyst
dermoid cyst
thyroglossal tract cyst
branchial cleft cyst
oral lymphoepithelial cyst

49
Q

epstein’s perls / bohn nodules

A

small whitish yellow keratin filled papules

50
Q

nasolabial cystestein pearls location

A

midline junciton of hard and soft palate

51
Q

management of epstein perls

A

asymptomatic and resolve spontanously within few weeks

52
Q

location of nasolabial cyst

A

upper lip, lateral to midline

53
Q

clinical features of nasolabial cyst

A

asymptomatic swelling of upper lip with obliteration of nasolabial fold

swelling of the vestibule

54
Q

management of nasolabial cyst

A

surgical excision

55
Q

symptoms and clinical features of cyst of incisive canal

A

male predilection
anterior midline maxilla swelling

56
Q

x-ray features of cyst of incisive canal

A

well circumscribed
inverted pear / heart shape
radiolucency of incisive foramen
between and splaying roots of maxillary central incisors

57
Q

treatment of cyst of incisive canal

A

excision via palatal approach, recurrence is rare

58
Q

location of dermoid cyst

A

midline floor of mouth

59
Q

clinical features of dermoid cyst

A

-slow growing, painless mass
-doughy or rubbery consistency
-pitting following pressure

60
Q

microscopic features of dermoid cyst

A

lined by orthokeratinied squamous epihtlium

abundant luminal keratin

61
Q

management of dermoid cysts

A

surgical excision

62
Q

location of branchial cleft cyst

A

upper lateral neck
anterior and deep to SCM

63
Q

clinical features of branchial cleft cyst

A

occasional residual cysts, fistulae, or sinus tract form embryonic branchial arches

soft, fluctuant mass

64
Q

microscopic features of branchial cleft cyst

A

lined by squamous epithelium
variable keratinization
occasional respiratory epithelium
mural lymphoid tissue

65
Q

location of oral lymphoeptihlial cyst

A

develops in oral lymphoid tissue (waldeyer ring) in young adults

66
Q

clinical features of oral lymphoeptihlial cyst

A

asymptomatic submucosal mass
white to yellow in color
soft to firm on palpation
normal overylying mucosa

67
Q

microscopic features of oral lymphoepthelial cyst

A

microscopically similar to branchial cleft cyst
lined by parakeratinized squamous epithelium
lumen filled with desquamated epithlium and keratin lymphoid tissue in cyst wall

68
Q

location of thyroglossal tract cyst

A

foramen cecum to suprasternal notch

69
Q

clinical features of thyroglossal tract cyst

A

painless, fluctuant, midline swelling

70
Q

microscopic features of thyroglossal tract cyst

A

lined by squamous epithelium
thyroid tissue in cyst wall
rarely papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid

71
Q

cause of hemifacial hyperplasia

A

unknown

72
Q

clinical features of hemifacial hyperplasia

A

unilateral macroglossia with enlarged tooth crowns
-asymmetry often noted at birth
-F>M
-increased prevalence of abdominal tumors
-sometimes associated with port wine stain

73
Q

management of hemifacial hyperplasia

A

cosmetic surgery and orthodontic treatment after cessation of growth

74
Q

cause of hemifacial atrophy

A

unkown

75
Q

clinical features of hemifacial atrophy

A

unilateral degeneration and atrophy
-onset during first two decades
-stabilizes after few years

76
Q

management of hemifacial atrophy

A

surgery and orthodontic therapy after condition stabilizes

77
Q

clinical features of segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia

A

unilateral expansion of posterior maxillary alveolar process with gingival enlargement
-variable absence of premolars and primary molar anomolies
-delayed eruption of teeth
-bone exhibits granular, radiopaque appearance

78
Q

craniosynostosis syndromes

A

premature closure of cranial sutures

79
Q

crouzon syndrome

A

abnormal skull shape
compression of cranial nerves
increased intracranial pressure
reduced choanae
crowding
pseudocleft palate
beaten metal appearance of skull

80
Q

apert syndrome

A

same skull features as crouzon syndrome
patients suffer from limb defects

81
Q

management of craniosynostosis syndromes

A

craniectomy for relief of pressure
plastic surgery
orthognathic surgery

Oral Pathology (14 decks)

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