Development (Unit 2B) Flashcards
1
Q
HIC
A
- A high(er) income country,
- usually within the tertiary or quaternary industry
- GNI of at lest $12000
2
Q
NEE
A
- a newly emerging economy
- they’re economy is rapidly increasing as they become wealthier
- usually moving from primary to secondary industry
3
Q
LIC
A
- Low income countries
- rely heavily on agriculture (primary industry)
- GNI $1000+
4
Q
Gross National Income (GNI) per head
A
The total value of goods and services in a country (including overseas investment) converted to US$ divided by the population
5
Q
Birth rate
A
The number of births (babies born) born per 1000 per year
6
Q
Death rate
A
The number of deaths per 1000 per year
7
Q
Infant mortality rate
A
The number of babies which die before the age of 1 per 1000 born
8
Q
Life expectancy
A
The average number of years (age) a person is expected to live to
9
Q
People per doctor
A
The average number of people for each doctor
10
Q
Literacy rates
A
The percentage of adults who can read and write within a population
11
Q
Access to safe water
A
The percentage of people who are able to get clean drinking water
12
Q
Limitations of social measures of development
A
- They can be misleading because as country develops, some aspects develop before others (e.g. BR lowers quicker then DR does)
- They’re often average numbers so a single value can dramatically increase or decrease the value
- They can’t record data in remote areas
13
Q
Limitations of economic measures of development
A
- It doesn’t show variations within a country (e.g. a small % may be rich which will increase the GNI)
- Often miss out informal employment which can dramatically effect values
14
Q
Human Development Index (HDI)
A
- A measure of development calculated by combining GNI, life expectancy and education level
- Every country has a value between 0-1
- (follows a similar distribution to GNI)
15
Q
Why is HDI a good measure?
A
It includes both economical and social measures of development to create a more accurate measure of development within a country
16
Q
The Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
A
A graph which shows how birth rate and death rate effect population growth
17
Q
DTM Stage 1
A
- BR and DR are both high and fluctuating (poor healthcare, contraception)
- Population size is low and steady (no growth rate)
- Least developed areas
18
Q
DTM Stage 2
A
- BR remains high (agricultural industry, children work)
- DR begins to fall rapidly (better healthcare)
- population growth is rapid (natural increase)
- not very developed (most LICs at this level)
19
Q
DTM Stage 3
A
- BR rapidly falling (more contraception, working women)
- DR slowly falling (improved healthcare)
- population growth still rapid (natural increase)
- more developed (NEE level)
20
Q
DTM Stage 4
A
- BR and DR both low and fluctuating (good healthcare, elderly depend so less money)
- High steady population (BR and DR low)
- Most developed (HIC level)
21
Q
DTM Stage 5
A
- BR falls slightly (later marriage, dependant elderly)
- DR Increases slightly (more elderly population dying)
- Population slowly falls (natural decrease)
- Most developed (HIC level)
22
Q
Physical causes of uneven development
A
- Lack of natural resources: have less natural resources -like coal or metal ores- which reduces the amount of trade which is possible
- Landlocked: surrounded by other other countries so have to pay a tariff to trade (less profit)
- Poor climate: makes agriculture difficult as it’s too hot or cold, no trade
23
Q
Economical cause of uneven development
A
- Poor trade links: by trading with less countries, a country will make less money
- Debt: this mean countries have to repay other countries meaning less money is left for development
- Economy based on primary products: the selling price of primary products varies fluctuates which means a country may be paid less
24
Q
Historical causes of uneven development
A
- War: this can slow down development as money is spent on firearms and factors such as DR increase significantly (less trade)
- Colonisation: colonising countries take a lot of natural resources and Ince the country gains independence, the have very little to trade or develop from
25
Consequences of uneven development (wealth)
- People in developed countries have more income then those in less developed countries
- Having less money decrease the standard of living
- People in a country can have huge differences in the amount of money they make (rich people earn more then those in poverty)
26
Consequences of uneven development (health)
- Healthcare is better in more developed countries
- People in HICs live longer then in LIC (better medicine)
- Lack of medicine in LICs means that people die from easily treated disease in HICs
27
Consequences of uneven development (international migration)
- Many people move to HICs from LIC/NEEs to escape conflict or have a better quality of life
- These workers contribute to HICs economy which further increases the development gap
28
Reducing the DG (FDI)
FDI (Foreign direct investments) is when companies in one country buy properties or invest in infrastructure in another
- better access to expertise and technology
- improved infrastructure and industry
29
Reducing the DG (Aid)
When charities or foreign governments provide resources (like money or medicine) to other countries
- Allows governments to kickstart development projects
👇
(these may end once the money runs out if there's not enough local knowledge or support)
30
Reducing the DG (intermediate technology)
When LICs purchase use tools machines and systems that improve the quality of life and are also cheap and easy to maintain
👇
e.g. solar powered LED light bulbs, instead of lamps which are environmentally friendly and allows work and study after dark, and therefore skills and income output increases
31
Reducing the DG (fair trade)
It allows farmers to receive a fair price for goods that are produced (even when the average price has decreased)
- This money allows for development projects such as hospitals or clean water pipelines
32
Reducing the DG (debt relief)
When some (or all) of a countries debt is cancelled
- This allows the country to spend money on development as opposed to paying off debt
33
Reducing the DG (microfinance loans)
Small loans are provided to those in LICs who cannot receive one from the bank
- This allows people to start their own businesses and become financially independent (and taxed)
34
Reducing the DG (industrial development)
By developing industry, productivity, skills and infrastructure are improved
35
Multiplier effect
The multiplier effect is an idea which suggests that as tourism increases within a country, infrastructure such as airports and hotels are developed which require employment from local people which increases development which helps to further increase tourism which creates more jobs etc...
36
How tourism in Tunisia reduced the DG
- 370,000 jobs created
- Government investments where made into healthcare
- Literacy rates and life expectancy increased
